Text Composition Chapter 6

Composition History Composition Composition Refers to the production and organization of all images to be printed Refers to the production and organization of all images to be printed Setting type or words, not line art or photographs Setting type or words, not line art or photographs Typesetter or Compositor Typesetter or Compositor Person who sets the type Person who sets the type Hand composition- 1400’s to early 1900’s Hand composition- 1400’s to early 1900’s Machine methods- end of the 1800’s Machine methods- end of the 1800’s Photographic setting- late 1960’s Photographic setting- late 1960’s Personal computer- 1980’s Personal computer- 1980’s Primary method of composition Primary method of composition

Relief Composition Printing on a raised surface (letterpress) Printing on a raised surface (letterpress) Raised surface is covered with ink and pressed against paper or other substrate Raised surface is covered with ink and pressed against paper or other substrate First done on carved wooden blocks First done on carved wooden blocks Movable type- mid 1400’s, Gutenberg Movable type- mid 1400’s, Gutenberg Metal blocks that could be taken apart and reassembled into different words Metal blocks that could be taken apart and reassembled into different words Materials: wood, metal, rubber, plastic Materials: wood, metal, rubber, plastic Image carrier: 1 st and 2 nd generation Image carrier: 1 st and 2 nd generation

Setting Type Foundry type Foundry type Individually pieces of metal type Individually pieces of metal type assembled in various combinations, sorted and reused assembled in various combinations, sorted and reused Job case Job case Storage drawer where compositor stores individual letters Storage drawer where compositor stores individual letters Holds one full font of type- one point size Holds one full font of type- one point size

Composing stick holds hand-set type in determined line length Composing stick holds hand-set type in determined line length Positioned left to right, upside down Positioned left to right, upside down Filled to 2/3 full and transferred to a galley Filled to 2/3 full and transferred to a galley Type is transferred to a chase Type is transferred to a chase Metal frame with wood or metal spacers (furniture) arranged around block of type, positioning if for printing Metal frame with wood or metal spacers (furniture) arranged around block of type, positioning if for printing Metal relief characters need to uniform height Metal relief characters need to uniform height

Linecasting machines Linecasting machines Hot metal typesetting machines Hot metal typesetting machines Faster, more efficient Faster, more efficient Produced entire lines of type (slugs) Produced entire lines of type (slugs) Linotype- matrices were formed into lines, cast in metal, distributed back for reuse Linotype- matrices were formed into lines, cast in metal, distributed back for reuse Ludlow- larger point sizes for display type Ludlow- larger point sizes for display type Monotype- individual cast letters Monotype- individual cast letters

Review Questions 1.Letterpress is another name used for ____________ printing 2.The person who sets type is called a _______ 3.________ type is an assortment of individually cast, metal characters used for relief printing 4.The ________ is the common method for storing foundry type 5.What is furniture?

Cold Type Composition Hand composition methods Hand composition methods Hand lettering Hand lettering pens and brushes are used to create oversize lettering pens and brushes are used to create oversize lettering Templates Templates Guide of a desired shape or letter Guide of a desired shape or letter Dry transfer type Dry transfer type Burnishing letters to transfer to Burnishing letters to transfer to base sheet base sheet Strike-on composition Strike-on composition Simple and rapid way of generating camera ready text Simple and rapid way of generating camera ready text Typewriters Typewriters

Photocomposition Photocomposition Generation of type using photographic paper or film exposed to light Generation of type using photographic paper or film exposed to light A negative is exposed to a bright light source A negative is exposed to a bright light source Projection method Projection method Light is projected through transparent image onto light sensitive material Light is projected through transparent image onto light sensitive material Allows enlargement or reduction of a single typeface to provide a wide range of point sizes Allows enlargement or reduction of a single typeface to provide a wide range of point sizes Cathode ray tube method Cathode ray tube method Computer controls an electron beam that makes pixels glow in patterns related to materials be typeset onto light sensitive paper Computer controls an electron beam that makes pixels glow in patterns related to materials be typeset onto light sensitive paper Sets large amounts of type quickly Sets large amounts of type quickly Phototypesetting paper and Processor Phototypesetting paper and Processor

Why? Traditional cold type composition has declined steadily in recent years Traditional cold type composition has declined steadily in recent years Hot metal composition has almost disappeared from commercial printing Hot metal composition has almost disappeared from commercial printing Phototypesetting has almost been replaced Phototypesetting has almost been replaced

Review Questions 6. __________ methods involve using a pen, brush, lettering template, clip art, or transfer letters to manually generate copy 7. _________ is the generation of type using photographic paper or film exposed to light 8. What was the advantage of the projection type of phototypesetting?

Electronic Composition Computer (hardware) and specialized programs (software) are known as an Electronic Imaging System Computer (hardware) and specialized programs (software) are known as an Electronic Imaging System Process and store information in a digital form Process and store information in a digital form Binary system of 1s and 0s Binary system of 1s and 0s Input Input Keyboard, Mouse, Digital Tablet, Modem, Scanner, Digital Cameras Keyboard, Mouse, Digital Tablet, Modem, Scanner, Digital Cameras Processing Processing Hard Drive, CD-ROM Drive, Zip Drive Hard Drive, CD-ROM Drive, Zip Drive Output Output Monitor, Printer- dot matrix, ink jet, laser, Imagesetter Monitor, Printer- dot matrix, ink jet, laser, Imagesetter

Output Monitors Monitors “what you see is what you get” “what you see is what you get” RGB (additive color theory) RGB (additive color theory) Printers Printers CMYK (subtractive color theory) CMYK (subtractive color theory) 100 dpi – 1200 dpi 100 dpi – 1200 dpi Imagesetters Imagesetters High resolution High resolution Raster Image Processor (RIP) converts page elements to bitmapped imaged at resolution selected Raster Image Processor (RIP) converts page elements to bitmapped imaged at resolution selected

Review Questions 9. List the three basic functions of a computer system 10. The term _____ refers to the way a computer processes and stores information as a series of 1s and 0s (or on-off states) 11. What do the letters WYSIWYG represent? 12. The colors cyan, magenta, yellow and black are represented in the _______ color system used for printing 13. The computer monitor is a(n) ______ device. 14. Computer equipment is referred to as ______, while programs are described as _________

Software Text Preparation Text Preparation Word processing software- creates and edits text Word processing software- creates and edits text Graphics Preparation Graphics Preparation Object-oriented images- line art, draw program Object-oriented images- line art, draw program Bitmapped images- graphics made of a map of pixels, paint program Bitmapped images- graphics made of a map of pixels, paint program Image editing- changes bitmapped images into photographs by using halftone dots, edits scanned images, Photoshop Image editing- changes bitmapped images into photographs by using halftone dots, edits scanned images, Photoshop Page Composition Page Composition Assembles text and images into a final page, PageMaker, QuarkXPress Assembles text and images into a final page, PageMaker, QuarkXPress

Proofreading Checking for typesetting errors, marking for correction Checking for typesetting errors, marking for correction Proof is a copy that is checked before going into print Proof is a copy that is checked before going into print Proofreader Proofreader Checks spelling, hyphenation, style, size, layout, etc Checks spelling, hyphenation, style, size, layout, etc Marks Marks Caret (^) is placed below an error Caret (^) is placed below an error Spell-check programs Spell-check programs Helpful in production speed and quality Helpful in production speed and quality Proofreader must still go over copy Proofreader must still go over copy

Review Questions 15. Which type of images would normally be edited with an image editor program? 16. The process of checking typeset material for errors in spelling, hyphenation and other areas is called ________ 17. The ______ is an upside-down v symbol used to mark the location of an error when proofreading copy 18. T/F Spellcheckers that are part of the word processing programs eliminate the need for proofreading