The Lymphatic System

Functions of the Lymphatic System Provide immunity to the body by protecting against disease Identify and kill pathogens and tumor cells

Structures of the Immune System Tonsils Lymph vessels Lymph nodes Thymus Spleen Appendix Peyer’s patches Bone marrow

Tonsils and Adenoids Lymphoid tissue located on either side of the throat Destroy harmful organisms that enter the body through the mouth

Lymph Vessels Similar to veins in the Cardiovascular system One directional, towards the heart Have valves Fluid from interstitial spaces flow into lymph vessels

Lymph vessels Fluid from interstitial spaces flow into lymph vessels Fluid is pushed through the lymph vessels by skeletal muscle contractions Eventually the fluid is dumped into the internal jugular and subclavian veins of the circulatory system

Lymph Nodes Filters or traps foreign particles Contain white blood cells Found throughout the body along the lymphatic vessels

Thymus Located posterior to the sternum Decreases in size after the age of two once the immune system is well established Where T-cells mature

Spleen The largest lymph organ Similar to lymph nodes but much larger and filled with blood Serves as a reservoir for blood Filters or purifies the blood and lymph

Appendix Located off inferior edge of the large intestine in the right lower quadrant In early years it produces antibodies and is the location of some B cell maturation In adults lymphatic tissue accumulates until the person’s 30s, then decreases and almost disappears by age 60 In adulthood it has a similar function to the Peyer’s Patches, to eliminate pathogens in digesting food

Appendix

Peyer’s Patches Located in small intestine, primarily the Ileum Similar to lymph node Control the amount of bacteria and pathogens in the gastrointestinal track

Bone Marrow Found within bones Contains tissue that produces T-cells and B-cells Location of B-cell maturation

T-Cells Helper T-cells recognize a foreign cell and activate the B-cells Killer T-cells destroy foreign cells by breaking holes in the cell membrane Suppressor T-cells slow down B and T-cells when the number of invading cells has decreased

B-Cells Plasma cells make antibodies that fight invading cells. They recognize and inactivate them. These cells stay around for days Memory B-cells remember the invading cells for afterwards. When the same invading cells are seen again later these cells activate the immune response quickly and intensely

Blood Typing There are more than 30 antigens found on blood cells The most common typing groups are the ABO group and the Rh group (the +/-)

Diseases and Disorders Immune System

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn HDN When the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, blood from the fetus enters the mother’s blood during birth. The mother’s body recognizes the foreign antigens and makes antibodies to fight them off. The first Rh+ fetus usually has no trouble, but any of the following fetuses (if Rh+) will cause a massive secondary reaction in the mother and the antibodies will kill off the fetuses blood. To prevent this, Rh- mothers are given Rh antibodies during the pregnancy that stop her bodies natural reaction.

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Contagious disease comprising the immune system Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Capable of becoming multi drug-resistant AIDS is the final stage of the HIV infection Average incubation period for AIDS development is 10 years from point of infection Characterized by opportunistic infections There is no cure

HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus Affects T cells within the immune system Attacks the RNA of the T cell Causes the T cell to alter its DNA to become HIV When infected T cell replicates, the T cell creates more HIV

Lupus Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disorder affecting many organ systems Body’s defenses are turned against itself and immune cells attack healthy tissues

Mononucleosis Also known as the kissing disease Infectious inflammatory disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus Most commonly affects young adults between the ages of 15 and 25

Careers Microbiologist Epidemiologist Ethicist

Careers Microbiologist Scientist which investigate the growth, structure, development, and other characteristics of microscopic organisms –Includes medical microbiologists who diagnose and treat microorganisms in patients Masters- Doctorate degree Work in universities, hospital and clinic labs, government agencies, public health and parmaculticals Average salary in UT $55,000 ($65,000 in US) Microbiology Song What Micriobiologist Do

Careers Epidemiologist Identify and track diseases as they occur in groups of people Determine risk factors, evaluate and develop methods of treatment for epidemics Masters degree (usually in Public Health) Average UT salary $54,000 (61,000 in US) Work for State Agencies, Health Department, Government and Hospitals Epidemiology- Past, Present and Future 4 min What Epidemiologist Do

Careers Ethicist Specializes in ethics –Create balance between science and ethics –Safe gaurd malpractice in the field of medicine, treatment and research Bachelors degree in bioethics, medical ethics or medical law Work in hospitals, medical ethics committees, and research organizations Average salary $46,000 Hospital Ethics Committee Having a child to save your child The Office- Ethical Clips

Word Parts Splen/o- spleen Path/o-disease Hist/o- tissue -pathy - disease -cele - swelling or tumor MALT -Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Vocabulary Antigen- protein marker on a cell Antibodies-made in response to foreign antigens Axillary-the armpit Immunity- protected from a disease Lymph- fluid found in lymphatic vessels Lymphocyte- lymphatic cell Pathogen-disease causing agent B-cell - lymphoid cell that makes antibodies T-cell – lymphoid cell that attacks invading cells