Biochemistry Chapter 3

Inorganic molecules: Are not made of both C AND H Organic Molecules: Contain C AND H; may have other elements - hydrocarbons: organic molecules that have ONLY C and H

Compounds of the Cell: Minerals Water Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins

Minerals (ex. Sodium, potassium, iron) Function: - help maintain fluid balance; - act as a pH buffer - aid in structure of cells (body) - allow nervous system to work

Big Idea: Why are organic compounds important? What are organic compounds?

The 4 major compounds in the cell are all types of Macromolecules First we build a smallish organic molecule. Macro = BIG Then we link many of those together building a chain

Single units are called monomers Chain of units is called polymer

Single units are called monomers Chain of units is called polymer

Big Idea How do you build a macromolecule?

Carbon: The Atom How many electrons does carbon want in its outer orbital? 8 How many bonds can carbon make? 4 6 p + 6 n 0 e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e-

Graphite Diamond Carbon: The Element

Carbon Compounds Why is carbon the chemical backbone for life? Why not oxygen or hydrogen?

1.Carbon atoms can form not 1, not 2, not 3, but 2.Carbon atoms have a great tendency to _____________ ____________. 3.Carbon atoms can bond in multiple ways to produce ________________________ four covalent bonds. bond with other carbon atoms a variety of molecular shapes.

Big Idea Why is carbon so important and unique?

Other Biochem basics Since Biochemistry uses so many C’s and H’s, we can simplify our structures by “hiding” some of them

Other Biochem basics There is a Carbon atom at each corner or point DON’T FORGET ABOUT THIS!! It is also assumed that, if no atom is shown, Carbons remaining bonds are filled up with H

The many shapes of carbon Draw a molecule with carbon and hydrogen atoms that would look like a: –Straight chain –Branched chain –Ring

Carbon Straight Chain

Carbon Branched Chain

Carbon Ring

Functional groups  groups of ______ within a carbon molecule that has characteristic properties. They replace the _________ on the carbon backbone. They influence the _________ of the molecule. They add more ___________ and diversity to organic compounds. atoms hydrogen properties complexity

Big Idea Organic compounds can be drawn in a simplified way Some organic compounds have more complex functional groups attached

Biological Macromolecules 4 Major Classes of organic compounds: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids 3.Nucleic Acids 4.Proteins

Building macromolecules Monomer: small, simple _________________. Polymer: molecule that is made from many joined ___________. _______ polymers are called macromolecules. Monomers are linked together through a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis molecular unit monomers Large

Dehydration Synthesis One monomer loses a hydrogen. Another monomer loses a hydroxyl (OH) group. This makes water! Then the monomers form a new bond between the two atoms that just lost a bond. New monomers are added to the growing polymer.

Dehydration synthesis: - Step 1: begin with at least two unlinked monomers OH HO OH HO +

Dehydration synthesis: - Step 2: Remove an H from monomer 1 and an OH from monomer 2 - The H and OH combine to form water O HO OH + HOH = H2O HOH

Dehydration synthesis: - Step 3: connect what is left of the monomers O HO OH + H2O O HO OH+ H2O +

Dehydration synthesis: Final products: 1 Growing chain - (beginnings of a polymer) 1 Water molecule O HO OH + H2O

Example of Dehydration Synthesis H2OH2O

Hydrolysis: Chemical reaction that uses water to separate polymers into monomers. (Break apart) - Exactly the opposite of Dehydration synthesis

Hydrolysis A water molecule is split into the H + and OH - ions. A bond of the polymer is broken when these ions attach. This process breaks down polymers into monomers.

*Word Hint* “hydro-” means _______________. “-lysis” means

Hydrolysis: - Step 1: Start with polymer and 1 water molecule O HO OH + H2O

Hydrolysis: - Step 2: Break water into 1 H and 1 OH - Add the H to one monomer and the OH to the other; O HO OH HHO

Hydrolysis: - Step 3: Split the bond between monomers OHOH HO OH HO

Hydrolysis: - Final Product: Two unlinked monomers OHOH HO OH HO

Examples

Big IDEAS!!!! What are the 4 types of organic compounds? What process builds them? What process breaks them apart?