Carbohydrates = Sugar Proteins Lipids (Fats and Oils) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Organic 1.natural, not man made 2.Does not contain pesticides or any man- made chemicals. (refers to organic vs inorganic foods, ex. USDA organic) 3.*Scientific definition* - any chemical (substance) that contains carbon (and usually hydrogen)

ORGANIC vs. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS = compounds that contain BOTH CARBON and HYDROGEN INORGANIC COMPOUNDS = DOES NOT contain both CARBON and HYDROGEN

Are these compounds organic or inorganic: Ammonia = Water = Glucose = Methane = Hydrochloric Acid = Sodium Chloride =

Are these compounds organic or inorganic: Ammonia = NH 3 inorganic Water = inorganic Glucose = organic Methane = organic Hydrochloric Acid = inorganic Sodium Chloride = inorganic

CARBOHYDRATES EX: SUGARS and STARCHES USED PRIMARILY AS SOURCES OF ENERGY Made up of CHO = Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen The ratio of Hydrogen to Oxygen is always 2:1 The ratio of Hydrogen to Carbon is always 2:1 End in “OSE”

What does glucose look like?

TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES = simple sugar; glucose, fructose DISACCHARIDES = two simple sugars bonded together; sucrose, maltose POLYSACCHARIDES = made up of chains (many) of simple sugars (monosaccharides); starch, cellulose, glycogen

Mono – one Di – two Poly - many

How do we form complex carbohydrates? By: DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS DEHYDRATE = REMOVING WATER SYNTHESIS = TO MAKE = process by which simple molecules combine to form more complex molecules by the removal of water

Word Part De – from Hydro – water Dehydrate – to take water from

Dehydration Synthesis Glucose + glucose maltose + water (removed)

How do we breakdown complex carbohydrates? By HYDROLYSIS ! Hydro= water Lysis = to split apart (or breakdown) Hydrolysis = process by which complex molecules are broken down to form simple molecules by adding water.

More Dehydration Sybthesis Glucose + fructose sucrose + water (removed)

Proteins Used primarily for structure and cell machinery (enzymes) Enzymes end in “ase”. Ex. Lactase, catalase. Made up of C, H, O, and N. Only proteins contain the atom Nitrogen (N)

What is the structure of an amino acid?

Some Amino Acids

Some More Amino Acids

TYPES OF PROTEINS –Monomer = amino acid / monopeptide –Dipeptide = two amino acids chemically bonded. –Polypeptide = many amino acids joined together –Protein = a very long polypeptide (can be hundreds and thousands of amino acids long) –Enzyme = an organic catalyst which speeds up chemical reactions (machine)

Protein Functions Receptors embedded in the cell membrane Hormones (signalling molecules / messengers) Structural support (microtubules, cytoskeleton, centrioles) Antibodies Enzymes (digestion, synthesis, repair, etc…)

Dehydration Synthesis: Formation of a dipeptide

Dehydration Synthesis Amino acid + amino acid dipeptide + water

AIM: What is the induced fit model? Do now: Define Catalyst. Name three functions of proteins. IN YOUR OWN WORDS, define enzyme. HW: Due Thurs- Read and take notes SQ3R on packet. Due Friday- Dehydration Synthesis of Proteins and Lipids (cut and paste activity) An amino acid, dipeptide, polypeptide, two different types of lipids.

Quiz 1/8/09 1.Define disaccharide. 2.Explain dehydration synthesis. (Break down the words.)

Lipids Primary function = stores energy in a space efficient way Cushions body Insulation Used in lipid bilayer of cell membrane Is a nonpolar substance Is made of C, H, O, but in no set ratio Is made of one glycerol and three fatty acids

What is the structure of Lipids? alcohol –Usually glycerol (with three –OH groups) Fatty acids –three –Can be saturated (full of H) –Can be unsaturated (contains double bonds)

Glycerol and Triglycerides

Dehydration Synthesis of a Lipid ation.htmlhttp:// ation.html

AIM: What are nucleic acids? Do Now: Define dipeptide. HW: Multiple Choice questions on From Atoms to Cells packet and questions on new packet.

Nucleic Acids Functions to store information –Two forms: DNA and RNA –DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid –RNA – ribonucleic acid –DNA is more stable than RNA Functions to store energy –Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

What is the structure of DNA?

ATP

How is Energy Released? Absorbed Released ATP –releases energy when it loses a phosphate and forms ADP ADP – stores energy when it gains a phosphate and forms ATP One glucose releases enough energy to make 36 ATP The body uses ATP to fuel all life functions

Polymerization of DNA