1 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 PHY Lecture 11 Principles of remote sensing With thanks to Prof. K. Strong for lecture material Selected figures from: “Remote Sensing of the Lower Atmosphere” Graeme L. Stephens, Oxford University Press (1994) ISBN

2 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Remote sensing definition What do we mean by remote sensing?

3 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Remote sensing definition What do we mean by remote sensing? a means of obtaining information about an object or medium without coming into contact with it

4 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Remote sensing definition What do we mean by remote sensing? a means of obtaining information about an object or medium without coming into contact with it General: The acquisition and measurement of data/information on some property(ies) of a phenomenon, object, or material by a recording device not in physical, intimate contact with the feature(s) under surveillance; techniques involve amassing knowledge pertinent to environments by measuring force fields, electromagnetic radiation, or acoustic energy employing cameras, radiometers and scanners, lasers, radio frequency receivers, radar systems, sonar, thermal devices, seismographs, magnetometers, gravimeters, scintillometers, and other instruments.

5 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 The inverse problem Remote sensing is an INDIRECT METHOD that requires the solution of the inverse problem: In simple terms:

6 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 The inverse problem -There is always the niggling doubt that you are actually measuring what you think you are and it is related to the thing you want to measure in the way you think! In fact nearly all measurements are done in this way, but only in some fields is the possibility of error large enough to account for.

7 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Fundamental obstacles in the inverse problem What are the three main problems associated with the inverse problem?

8 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Fundamental obstacles in the inverse problem

9 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Fundamental problems with the inverse problem We will look at the inverse problem and weighting functions for particular measurement scenarios later, FIRST…

10 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Classification of remote sensing methods Source of radiation Type of measurements Spectral region

11 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active & Passive methods Source of radiation Type of measurements Spectral region

12 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Passive methods

13 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active methods

14 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Types of remote sensing methods

15 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active methods REMOTE SENSING FAMILY TREE

16 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active methods REMOTE SENSING FAMILY TREE

17 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Passive Imaging systems

18 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Four passive imaging techniques Eg. The Mars Imager for Cloud and Aerosol

19 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Four passive imaging techniques

20 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Four passive imaging techniques

21 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 OPTO-MECHANICAL SCANNERS WHISKBROOM PUSHBROOM

22 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Four passive imaging techniques

23 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active methods REMOTE SENSING FAMILY TREE

24 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Passive non-imaging methods

25 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active methods REMOTE SENSING FAMILY TREE

26 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Passive sounding methods

27 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Passive sounding methods: radiometers

28 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Passive sounding methods: spectrometers

29 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Passive sounding methods: spectrometers

30 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Passive sounding methods: interferometers ABB BOMEM ACE-FTS

31 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active methods REMOTE SENSING FAMILY TREE

32 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active methods

33 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active imaging methods

34 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active imaging methods: SAR

35 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active non-imaging methods: LASER

36 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active non-imaging methods: RADAR

37 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active methods REMOTE SENSING FAMILY TREE

38 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active sounding methods

39 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active sounding methods: RADAR

40 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active sounding methods: LIDAR

41 Atmospheric Radiation – Lecture 11 Active sounding methods: LITE