Chapter 4 Opener Members of the hominin family tree

Figure 4.1 Plate tectonic processes

Figure 4.2 Radiometric dating

Table 4.1 (Part 1)

Table 4.1 (Part 2)

Table 4.1 (Part 3)

Figure 4.3 Gradual evolution of shell shape in the foraminiferan Contusotruncana

Figure 4.4 Changes in the mean values of characters in fossil sticklebacks, Gasterosteus doryssus

Figure 4.4 Changes in the mean values of characters in fossil sticklebacks, Gasterosteus doryssus (Part 1)

Figure 4.4 Changes in the mean values of characters in fossil sticklebacks, Gasterosteus doryssus (Part 2)

Figure 4.5 A fossil can help confirm an evolutionary hypothesis

Figure 4.6 (A) Lineage leading from stem sarcopterygian fishes to early tetrapods. (B) Articulated skeleton of Tiktaalik. (C) Pectoral fin, or forelimb of Tiktaalik.

Figure 4.6 (A) Lineage leading from stem sarcopterygian fishes to early tetrapods

Figure 4.6 (B) Articulated skeleton of Tiktaalik. (C) Pectoral fin, or forelimb, of Tiktaalik

Figure 4.7 Skeletal features of (A) Archaeopteryx, (B) a modern bird, and (C) a dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur

Figure 4.7 Skeletal features of (A) Archaeopteryx, and (B) a modern bird

Figure 4.7 Skeletal features of a dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur

Figure 4.8 Feathered dinosaurs

Figure 4.9 Reconstruction of the plumage of two Jurassic four-winged dinosaurs

Figure 4.10 Skulls of some stages in evolution from early synapsids to early mammals

Figure 4.11 Reconstruction of stages in the evolution of cetaceans from terrestrial artiodactyl ancestors

Figure 4.12 Estimated body weights and brain volumes of fossil hominins

Figure 4.13 The approximate time spans of named hominin taxa in the fossil record

Figure 4.14 (A) Ardipithecus ramidus as it may have appeared in life. (B) Skeletal remains of the Pliocene homonin Australopithecus afarensis

Figure 4.15 Frontal and lateral reconstructions of skulls of a chimpanzee and some fossil hominins

Figure 4.16 Correlations between clade rank and age rank

Figure 4.16 Correlations between clade rank and age rank (Part 1)

Figure 4.16 Correlations between clade rank and age rank (Part 2)

Figure 4.17 Evolutionary trends in the horse family, Equidae

Figure 4.17 Evolutionary trends in the horse family, Equidae (Part 1)

Figure 4.17 Evolutionary trends in the horse family, Equidae (Part 2)

Figure 4.18 A parallel trend

Figure 4.19 Three models of evolution, as applied to a hypothetical set of fossils

Figure 4.20 Phyletic gradualism: change in a molar of the grass-feeding vole Mimomys

Figure 4.21 Examples in the fossil record that fit three models of evolution

Figure 4.22 Punctuated equilibria: the phylogeny and temporal distribution of a lineage of bryozoans (Metrarabdotos)

Figure 4.23 Measures of the rate of character evolution depend on the time interval