Plants for back system AsparagusLemon Tree Apple treeStrawberries Easter Egg PlantGrapes Dwarf pomegranate tree Golden apple treeFig tree Cucumber Butternut squash Flowering almond Eggplant

Biology of Fish Biology of Fish

Fish belong to the group Chordata Fish belong to the group Chordata Includes around 52,000 species including fish, mammals, reptiles, etc.

Characteristics of Chordates Characteristics of Chordates Chordates: named for the notochord structure found in all chordate embryos. ◦ Notochord: flexible rod that extends through the length of the body

Diversity of Fish Diversity of Fish Fish were the 1 st jawed vertebrates Make up 30,000 of the +52,000 species of vertebrates Two main groups of fish: 1.Cartilaginous fish: skeleton made of cartilage Ex. sharks and rays One class: Chondrichthyes 2.Bony fish: skeletons contain bone hardened by calcium compounds  Ex. ray finned fish, coelacanths, and lungfish  Three classes: Actinopterygii, Actinistia, Dipnoi

Chondricthyes (Sharks, rays, and ratfishes) Chondricthyes (Sharks, rays, and ratfishes) 850 species Bony skeleton replaced with flexible cartilage for buoyancy no swim bladder exposed gill slits have well developed sensory organs

Actinopterigii (ray-finned fish) Actinopterigii (ray-finned fish) Flexible rays support fins Operculum flap protects and ventilates gills Air-filled swim bladder regulates buoyancy Skin contains bony scales and lateral line pits Most are oviparous (lay eggs) with external fertilization, but many reproductive strategies can be found in this group including hermaphrodites capable of cloning themselves and species who give birth to live young operculum swim bladder lateral line gills

Actinistia (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (lobe-finned fish) Includes the coelacanth and tetrapod lineages Thick muscles of pectoral and pelvic fins surround rod- shaped bones Coelacanths were thought to be extinct until 1938 when they were discovered of the coast of east Africa. Since then a second population has been found in Indonesia

Dipnoi (Lungfish) Found only in Southern Hemisphere Adaptation to Air Sac that can function as lungs during periods of drought. Also have gills to obtain oxygen from water.

What do fish need? What do fish need? Clean Water: Good pH, low ammonia, no harmful chemicals Oxygen: Take in oxygen dissolved in water Food: Need high amount of protein Proper Temperature: Fish are cold-blooded, so metabolism slows in cold temps Proper Salinity: Depends on freshwater or saltwater

Fish Anatomy Fish Anatomy Lateral line: sensory organs running along the body help sense changes in water pressure (feel other animals) Gills: extract oxygen from the surrounding water Swim Bladder: aids in “hearing” for many fish and transmits vibrations to sensory organs (sharks use electromagnetic fields), the lungfish use these as a respiratory organ to breath air Fins: swimming and defense

Fish External Anatomy - Fins Fish External Anatomy - Fins

Caudal fin - used for forward propulsion of the fish. Soft dorsal fin - may be used for forward propulsion and as a rutter to change direction. Spiny dorsal fin - used as a keel to maintain fish balance and stay upright. Can be lowered to increase streamlining of fish (increase swimming speed) Pectoral fin - used for steering (braking and turning) and may be used for forward propulsion. Pelvic fin - prevents fish from floating upward when fish brakes (with pectoral fins) Anal fin - acts as a rudder for balance when turning, may be used for forward propulsion. Fish External Anatomy - Fins Fish External Anatomy - Fins

Fish Internal Anatomy Fish Internal Anatomy

The digestive system is similar to other animals. Size and shape of each component of the system will vary with the type of fish and its diet. Carnivores ◦ Fish that eats meat. ◦ Have a large stomach and short intestines. What are the parts of the fish digestive system?

Parts include: ◦ Mouth  Teeth  Tongue  Branchiospines ◦ Esophagus ◦ Stomach ◦ Intestines ◦ Anus What are the parts of the fish digestive system?

Mouth ◦ Entry point of system. Carnivores mouth ◦ Have many teeth that point inwards. ◦ Not used for chewing. ◦ Used to capture and hold prey. Other fish ◦ Few or no teeth. What are the parts of the fish digestive system?

Tongue ◦ Helps move food around in the mouth. Branchiospines ◦ Act as filters to capture small food from water as the fish swims. ◦ Part of the gill structure that helps fish swim. Esophagus ◦ Short tube that connects mouth to stomach. What are the parts of the fish digestive system?

Stomach ◦ Organ where digestion begins. ◦ Some stomachs will expand greatly.  Allows them to eat large quantities of food. ◦ Other stomachs are small that will accommodate small amounts of food. ◦ Some fish have almost no stomach.  Esophagus connects directly to intestines. What are the parts of the fish digestive system?

Intestines ◦ Site of food digestion and nutrient absorption. Anus ◦ Exterior opening of system. ◦ Unused food and wasted material is exited. What are the parts of the fish digestive system?

Nervous System Relatively simple system Central Nervous System ◦ Brain and Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System ◦ Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves Muscular System Muscle segments in the shape of “W” Muscle is the edible part of the fish Nervous/Muscular System

Heart and Blood Vessels 2 chambered heart: distributes O 2 in the body ◦ Atria-collects blood from body ◦ Ventricle-sends blood to the gills ◦ Humans have a 4 chambered heart – fish need less 0 2 Circulatory/Respiratory System Arteries: carry blood away from the heart Veins carry blood back to the heart Gills Blood-filled membranes that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide Like the lungs in a human

EXIT SLIP Write Name and Date on Top of half sheet 1.What is one difference between Cartilaginous Fish and Bony Fish? 2. What are the three groups of Bony Fish? 3. How does a fish’s heart differ from humans? 4. What type of Bony fish is a Tilapia? 5. What organ allows a fish to stay motionless in the water without sinking?