Do Now Which of the following approaches do you think would be most effective in dealing with school violence? 1.Assign violent students a “big brother/sister” who is a respected older student in another grade. They would teach the bully how to behave properly 2.Allow studenst guilty of fighting or bullying to go unpunished, hoping they will eventually learning from their mistakes 3.Have school authorities publish the rules for unacceptable behavior and assign harsh punishments for violating rules

What makes China Unique? First modern state government First civilization that wrote down their history Period of Dynasties Overall the system lasted from 150 BC – 1911AD

Timeline of Classical China Shang: BCE Zhou: BCE Era of Warring States: 402 BCE BCE Qin: BCE Han: 202 BCE CE

Dynastic Cycle Dynasties would continue as long as there were male heirs (although some female heirs had Emperor like power) WHO SHOULD DECIDE WHEN A DYNASTY IS OVER?

Mandate of Heaven Dynasties end because Heaven is upset with their actions: Jie was violent so he lost power (Shang conquers them) Storms, Famines, and Uprisings always happen toward the end of dynasties (Coincidence????) The last Shang Emperor is believed to have roasted and eaten his enemies (Zhou take over) Conquests are justified – History is made easier for periods between Dynasties

Shang Dynasty Government and Society Strong Monarchy Order King ’ s governors ruled distant parts of kingdom King also had large army at disposal Prevented rebellions, fought outside opponents Agricultural Society Shang China largely agricultural Most tended crops in fields Farmers called on to fight in army, work on building projects—tombs, palaces, walls

Zhou Social Rise of a strong, landowning class; inherit social status Farmers prospered, population growth Political Loose alliance of regional princes, depended on loyalty; relatively weak rulers Exchange land for promise of taxes and military - Feudalism Landowners become more powerful than rulers Interactions Expanded the Middle Kingdom Cultural Banned human sacrifice; formalized religious practices; Ancestor worship; focus on harmony Promoted use of one language for everyone End of dynasty leads to development of new philosophies (Confucianism) Tea ceremonies; chopsticks Iron Age Economic Agriculture dominated (N-wheat; S-rice)

Period of Warring States 402 BCE BCE Competing interests of landowning class and ruling class cause political turmoil Landowners raise own military - origins of regional warlords No political unity - China is exceptionally weak Cultural innovations survive Results in new philosophies

Confucianism Confucius (K’ung Fu Tzu) Period of Warring States Scholar - history, music, ethics Main Writing: The Analects Promoted by followers - Mencius

Main Ideas Restore social order, harmony and good government to China Ethical systems based on relationships and personal virtue Emphasized family Filial piety - respect for parents and elders is necessary for order Early Zhou Dynasty was seen as perfect society Inferiors devoted to service Superiors looked after dependents

Li --> Rite, rules Ren --> humaneness, benevolence, humanity Shu --> empathy Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you. Yi --> Righteousness Xiao --> Respect your elders!

1. Ruler Subject 2. Father Son 3. Husband Wife 4. Older Brother Younger Brother 5. Older Friend Younger Friend

* Knowing what he knows and knowing what he doesn ’ t know, is characteristics of the person who knows. * Making a mistake and not correcting it, is making another mistake. * The superior man blames himself; the inferior man blames others. * To go too far is as wrong as to fall short.

Confucianism today – how it affects our world Confucius was the founder of the modern ideal that all people deserve an education and a chance to govern, not just the noble class. Confucius started the system of going to school throughout your childhood to prepare for a few tests that would determine your status and occupation for the rest of your life. Confucianism was the official Chinese philosophy from 206 B.C.E. to 1912 C.E., and it is still considered the backbone of Chinese culture.

* Status * Age * Gender

* The emperor is the example of proper behavior --> “big daddy” * Social relationships are based on “rites” or “rituals.” * Even religious rituals are important for SOCIAL, not religious reasons, acc. to Confucius.

Legalism Practical, political reaction to Confucianism Han Feizi - 3rd century BCE Lived during the Warring States Period Powerful and efficient government is key to restoring order Laws will end civil war and restore harmony Rewards to good subjects and punish disobedient Rulers must control ideas and actions of people Favored by Shi Huangdi during Qin dynasty

Classroom Rules All students must sit with both feet flat on the floor All students must sit up straight in their chairs All students must have both hands and elbows on the desk at all times All students must look at the SMARTboard and not interact with classmates No food or drink allowed Clear all desks When addressed by the teacher the students must answer “Yes Sir” When called upon and responding to a question by the teacher the student must stand up When a teacher asks a student do something they must obey without hesitation FAILURE TO FOLLOW ANY OF THESE RULES WILL RESULT IN HARSH PUNISHMENTS

1. Human nature is naturally selfish. 2. Intellectualism and literacy is discouraged. 3. Law is the supreme authority. 4. The ruler must rule with a strong, punishing hand. 5. War is the means of strengthening a ruler ’ s power.

The ruler, therefore, “ cracks his whip ” on the backs of his subjects!

Daoism/Taoism Founded by Lao Tze ( BCE) Main Writing: Tao-te-Ching (The Way of Virtue) Human actions are not important Most important part of society is natural order of things The Tao (The Way) - guides all things

Daoism/Taoism Search for knowledge and understanding of nature To understand nothing, it is best to do nothing, to observe nature Nature is not jealous or power hungry Does not argue about right or wrong, good or bad

* The basic text of Daoism. * In Chinese, it means The Classic in the Way and Its Power. * “ Those who speak know nothing: Those who know are silent. ” These words, I am told, Were spoken by Laozi. If we are to believe that Laozi, Was himself one who knew, How is it that he wrote a book, Of five thousand words?

1. Dao [Tao] is the first-cause of the universe. It is a force that flows through all life. 2. A believer ’ s goal is to become one with Dao; one with nature. 3. Wu wei --> “ Let nature take its course. ” --> “ The art of doing nothing. ” --> “ Go with the flow! ” 4. Man is unhappy because he lives to man-made laws, customs, & traditions that are contrary to the ways of nature.

1. Rejecting formal knowledge and learning. 2. Relying on the senses and instincts. 3. Discovering the nature of universe 4. Ignoring political and social laws. To escape the “ social, political, & cultural traps ” of life, one must escape by:

* Masculine * Active * Light * Warmth * Strong * Heaven; Sun * Feminine * Passive * Darkness * Cold * Weak * Earth; Moon

How is a man to live in a world dominated by chaos, suffering, and absurdity?? Confucianism --> Moral order in society. Legalism --> Rule by harsh law & order. Daoism --> Freedom for individuals and less govt. to avoid uniformity and conformity.

Discuss Which philosophy will be the best way to rule a kingdom? Explain

Chinese Philosophies/Religions Philosophy/ Religion FoundersCharacteristics ConfucianismConfucius (Kongzi) Peace and order Respect for elders Ethical human relationships DaoismLaozi Reject material things Commune with nature Become one with Dao (force within all things) BuddhismBudda Four Noble Truths Eightfold path Nirvana Harmony with the universe Legalism Han Feizi, Shangzi Authoritarian Law is supreme authority Leader must rule strongly