Chapter 3: Native Texans Texas History

The Ancient Texans As early as 35,000 years ago, people migrated to the Western Hemisphere As early as 35,000 years ago, people migrated to the Western Hemisphere Came over a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska Came over a land bridge that connected Siberia and Alaska The Bering Strait now separates the two The Bering Strait now separates the two Archaeologists Archaeologists Scientist who study evidence of past human activity Scientist who study evidence of past human activity Artifacts Artifacts Ancient tools, artwork, human and animal bones, pottery, baskets, shells, etc. Ancient tools, artwork, human and animal bones, pottery, baskets, shells, etc.

A Timeline Through History Stone Age Stone Age More than 10,000 years ago More than 10,000 years ago Hunted mastodon, mammoths and giant bison Hunted mastodon, mammoths and giant bison Spears, Darts, Atlatl: notched throwing stick Spears, Darts, Atlatl: notched throwing stick Archaic Age Archaic Age 8,000 years ago 8,000 years ago Warmer and drier Warmer and drier People hunted smaller game People hunted smaller game Better tools: axe, picks, drills, choppers, grinding tools Better tools: axe, picks, drills, choppers, grinding tools Hunters become farmers Hunters become farmers 100 A.D. crops were grown in Texas: peanuts, corn, squash, cotton 100 A.D. crops were grown in Texas: peanuts, corn, squash, cotton People Settled in one place People Settled in one place More complex societies: craft workers, warriors, political and religious leaders, farmers More complex societies: craft workers, warriors, political and religious leaders, farmers

Different Cultures Emerge Anthropologist: scientist who studies the origin, movement and way of life of humans. Anthropologist: scientist who studies the origin, movement and way of life of humans. The early people developed into distinct Cultures-all the ways groups of people express and conduct themselves. The early people developed into distinct Cultures-all the ways groups of people express and conduct themselves. When the Europeans arrived, there were 4 separate cultural groups living in what is now Texas When the Europeans arrived, there were 4 separate cultural groups living in what is now Texas Southeastern Cultures Southeastern Cultures Gulf Cultures Gulf Cultures Pueblo Cultures Pueblo Cultures Plain Cultures Plain Cultures

South Eastern and Gulf Cultures The Caddos The Caddos 24 Groups 24 Groups Confederacies: larger associations that joined the groups Confederacies: larger associations that joined the groups Matrilineal: traced lineage through their mothers Matrilineal: traced lineage through their mothers 2 leaders: War/Peace and religions affairs 2 leaders: War/Peace and religions affairs Excellent fisherman: used a trotline (a long, heavy fishing line that had several baited hooks attached) Excellent fisherman: used a trotline (a long, heavy fishing line that had several baited hooks attached) Fought Europeans and other Native Americans (with the exception of the French) Fought Europeans and other Native Americans (with the exception of the French) The center of the trade network was Cahokia, located near present day St. Louis, Missouri. The center of the trade network was Cahokia, located near present day St. Louis, Missouri.

South Eastern and Gulf Cultures Cont. The Coahuiltecans The Coahuiltecans Hunted deer, bison and javelina (small animal that looks like a wild boar) Hunted deer, bison and javelina (small animal that looks like a wild boar) Lived on worms, lizards and plants when food was scarce Lived on worms, lizards and plants when food was scarce Equal status among all, and all worked Equal status among all, and all worked Shamans: believed to have the power to summon spirits and sure the sick Shamans: believed to have the power to summon spirits and sure the sick When Texas became part of the U.S., very few Coahuiltecans were still alive. When Texas became part of the U.S., very few Coahuiltecans were still alive.

South Eastern and Gulf Cultures Cont. The Karankawas The Karankawas Lived on the small islands between Galveston and Corpus Christi Bays. Lived on the small islands between Galveston and Corpus Christi Bays. Used canoes to catch fish and turtles Used canoes to catch fish and turtles By the mid 1800’s, most Karankawas were displaced or killed. By the mid 1800’s, most Karankawas were displaced or killed. The Wichitas The Wichitas Women had positions of leadership Women had positions of leadership Often at war, but had peace with the French traders Often at war, but had peace with the French traders Began to trade with the Spaniards as well, and in return the fighting between the two stopped Began to trade with the Spaniards as well, and in return the fighting between the two stopped

Pueblo and Plains Cultures Jumanos Jumanos Jumanos acted as middlemen between eastern farming tribes and western Pueblo people. Jumanos acted as middlemen between eastern farming tribes and western Pueblo people. Traded agricultural products for animal skins and meats Traded agricultural products for animal skins and meats Had distinctive striped tattoos on their face, which made it easy for a member of another tribe to recognize them as a peaceful trader Had distinctive striped tattoos on their face, which made it easy for a member of another tribe to recognize them as a peaceful trader Lived in a house made of sundried earth and straw called adobe. Lived in a house made of sundried earth and straw called adobe. The mild and dry climate allowed these houses to last for years. The mild and dry climate allowed these houses to last for years.

Pueblo and Plains Cultures Tiguas Tiguas Moved to Ysleta (near present day El Paso), after a revolt by Pueblo people in New Mexico in 1680 Moved to Ysleta (near present day El Paso), after a revolt by Pueblo people in New Mexico in 1680 Matrilineal: home and land belonged to mothers clan Matrilineal: home and land belonged to mothers clan

Plains Cultures The people of the plains became outstanding hunters in times of peace, and dangerous foes in war The people of the plains became outstanding hunters in times of peace, and dangerous foes in war Tonkawas Tonkawas Lived on SE edge of the Edwards Plateau, near present day Austin. Lived on SE edge of the Edwards Plateau, near present day Austin. Hunted deer, rabbits, snakes and turtles Hunted deer, rabbits, snakes and turtles Often fought with the Apaches and Comanches over hunting grounds Often fought with the Apaches and Comanches over hunting grounds

Plains Cultures Cont. Apaches Apaches Speak an Athapaskan language similar to languages spoken in Canada and Alaska Speak an Athapaskan language similar to languages spoken in Canada and Alaska Ancestors are traced from the far north Ancestors are traced from the far north Spent most years in warfare Spent most years in warfare Comanches Comanches Comancheria: vast land of Comanche territory Comancheria: vast land of Comanche territory Life centered on hunting and war Life centered on hunting and war Eventually controlled most land that was once controlled by the Apache. Eventually controlled most land that was once controlled by the Apache. Fought to take the horses of their enemies, a most prized possession to a Comanche warrior. Fought to take the horses of their enemies, a most prized possession to a Comanche warrior.

Plains Cultures Cont. The Kiowas The Kiowas Allies of the Comanches Allies of the Comanches Nomadic, and were always prepared to move quickly Nomadic, and were always prepared to move quickly Nomad: Members of a group that wander from place to place. Nomad: Members of a group that wander from place to place. Families lived in Tepees: tanned hides Families lived in Tepees: tanned hides The horse, tepee and buffalo were very important elements of their culture The horse, tepee and buffalo were very important elements of their culture Held ceremonies and festivals every season Held ceremonies and festivals every season The annual sun dance in June was thought to bring happiness, buffalo and victory in war. The annual sun dance in June was thought to bring happiness, buffalo and victory in war.