Department of Energy Office of Science 1 DOE Office of High Energy Physics Report to the Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee Dennis Kovar Acting Associate Director for the Office of High Energy Physics, Office of Science, DOE February 11, 2008

Department of Energy Office of Science 2 DOE Office of High Energy Physics (HEP) The mission of the High Energy Physics (HEP) program is to understand how our universe works at its most fundamental level. We do this by discovering the most elementary constituents of matter and energy, probing the interactions between them, and exploring the basic nature of space and time itself. To enable these discoveries, HEP supports theoretical and experimental research in both elementary particle physics and fundamental accelerator science and other supporting technology. Includes the understanding of the connections between the physics of elementary particles and the physics that determines the structure of the universe, leading to the investigation of very high energy cosmic acceleration mechanisms DOE HEP Office provides 90% of the federal support for High Energy Physics research and coordinates with NSF, NASA and international efforts

Department of Energy Office of Science 3 The Scientific Opportunities of HEP The [National Academy EPP 2010] committee arrived at three strong conclusions regarding Both particle physics and the U.S. role in this global scientific and technological enterprise:  “Particle physics plays an essential role in the broader enterprise of the physical sciences.  It inspires U.S. students, attracts talent from around the world, and drives critical intellectual and technological advances in other fields.”  “Although setting priorities is essential, it also is critical to maintain a diverse portfolio of activities in particle physics, from theory to accelerator R&D to the construction and support of new experimental facilities.  The committee believes that accelerators will remain an essential component of the program, since some critical scientific questions cannot be explored in any other manner.”  “The field of elementary particle physics is entering an era of unprecedented potential. New experimental facilities, including accelerators, space-based experiments, underground laboratories, and critical precision measurements of various kinds, offer a variety of ways to explore the hidden nature of matter, energy, space, and time.  The availability of technologies that can explore directly an energy regime known as the Terascale is especially exciting.” …… The results of the committee’s analysis have led to its chief recommendation:  “The United States should remain globally competitive in elementary particle physics by playing a leading role in the worldwide effort to aggressively study Terascale physics.”

Department of Energy Office of Science 4 The Status of HEP  HEP is at an extraordinary productive and exciting period  with significant discoveries anticipated at the energy frontier and in particle astrophysics and neutrino science.  The FY 2008 Omnibus Bill funding has resulted in significant loss of  HEP scientific productivity and workforce, and;  U.S. credibility as an interagency/international partner  Planning is addressing the EPP 2010 priorities:  exploration of the Terascale at the LHC;  investment in R&D for an international linear collider, and;  expansion of the program in astrophysics and internationalization of a staged program in neutrino physics.  Current circumstances are challenging for the U.S. program:  the imminent closing of U.S. HEP facilities;  the recognition that the earliest possible start for the ILC will be in the middle of the next decade, and;  the budget uncertainties for HEP (all of Science).

Department of Energy Office of Science 5 DOE Office of High Energy Physics (HEP) DOE HEP supports:  Operations of User Facilities (Tevatron, NuMi, B-Factory)  Fabrication and operations of experiments  Researchers and students (6 National Laboratories and >100 universities)  R&D for next generation accelerators and instrumentation DOE HEP Program Accelerator-based physics Proton based: Fermilab Tevatron (energy frontier) – planned to end operations in FY Currently reviewing possibility of running in FY 2010 Future: CERN LHC (energy frontier) – to start in FY 2009 Fermilab NuMi (neutrino studies)  Electron based: SLAC B-Factory (test of standard model) – terminates in FY 2008 Non-accelerator physics  Atmospheric, solar, reactor neutrinos (SuperK, KamLAND, SNO, Daya Bay, etc.)  Particle Astrophysics/Cosmology (GLAST, Auger, VERITAS, SDSS, CDMS-II, AMS, etc.) Theory  Elementary Particle Theory  Major Computing efforts: (simulations, data management, etc.) Technology R&D  R&D for accelerator & detector technologies  R&D for International Linear Collider (ILC)

Department of Energy Office of Science 6 Today’s Major Tools: U.S. HEP Accelerator Experiments B-factory at SLAC MINOS Tevatron at Fermilab

Department of Energy Office of Science 7 Tomorrow’s Major Tools at the Energy Frontier Large Hadron Collider

Department of Energy Office of Science 8 Funding for DOE Office Science (SC) increased by 4.6% compared to FY 2007 This included “earmarks” so funding going to peer-review SC program +2.5% There were winners and losers Computing/biological/environmental – increased from request High energy/nuclear physics/basic energy science – decreased from request Funding was reduced for the ITER project (fusion energy sciences (FES)) High Energy was only one (except for FES/ITER) that decreased from FY 2007 Overall DOE SC funding was reduced by $503M (-11%) from FY 2008 President’s Request Does not support President’s American Competitive Initiative (ACI) - amount Is at great variance with President’s FY 2009 Request that support ACI - priorities DOE SC HEP funding is last few years has fluctuated FY 2008 funding is a -8.4% (-$63M) reduction from FY 2007 FY 2008 funding is a 12.5% (-93M) reduction from FY 2008 Request Looking back to FY 2005 – HEP program has lost the operating funds of the B-Factory FY 2008 Appropriations

Department of Energy Office of Science 9

Department of Energy Office of Science 10 FY 2008 Omnibus Bill provides $63M less than FY 2007 (-8.5%) Language specifies: no funding for NOvA ILC R&D and SRF infrastructure funding capped at ~1/4 requested Large fraction of this reduction supported people Fermilab and SLAC (because of ILC/SRF funding) impacted most severely Magnitude of reduction and occurring ¼ through the Fiscal Year limited options One cannot layoff people immediately (takes time and there are severance costs) Layoffs alone could not meet the bottomline (nor does it make sense) Needed to look at large non-salary costs (i.e.; facility operations) But even with significant layoffs – each facilities could run<1/2 planned weeks Decision had to be made quickly – delay in layoffs – decreases running weeks Came to choice of running the Fermilab or B-Factory Operation of the Tevatron in FY 2008 was judged more important Scientific priority Preserves options for the future U.S. program The DOE HEP Budget in FY 2008

Department of Energy Office of Science 11 The DOE HEP Program in FY 2008 HEP Plan for FY 2008: Core Research at approximately FY2007 level of effort Tevatron and LHC programs supported Projects (except NOvA) go forward on planned profiles Other (non-ILC and SRF) technology R&D continues as planned

Department of Energy Office of Science 12 FY 2009 Budget Request

Department of Energy Office of Science 13 DOE HEP Request for FY 2009 President’s Request for FY2009: –HEP Budget is $805.0M –This is an +17% increase from FY2008 appropriation –Puts HEP program back on track of American Competitiveness Initiative that doubles physical sciences funding over 10 years There are a number of significant program shifts: –Some are driven by FY2008 reductions Reduced and re-focused ILC R&D program NOvA profile delayed one year –Others reflect the evolution of HEP strategic plan in the LHC era B-Factory run completed –begin ramp-down and D&D. Data analysis will continue for a few years Tevatron running full-out –either discovery or significant limits on New Physics in advance of LHC U.S. researchers in leading roles at LHC Joint Dark Energy Mission R&D ramping up – to complete conceptual design and select a mission concept

Department of Energy Office of Science 14 DOE HEP Strategic Plan A central challenge for the U.S. and international HEP community is defining and executing a robust and balanced scientific program that includes a collider at the energy frontier. The ILC is widely viewed as that collider, but: –It is a complex, challenging, multi-billion $ investment –It requires international commitments –The ILC physics case and some design parameters will depend on results from the LHC that will probably not be available for at least a few years Therefore in FY 2009, we propose to: –Continue support for a U.S. role in the global ILC R&D effort, but focused on areas where the U.S. is the acknowledged leader –Maintain a balanced scientific program that will preserve options for U.S. leadership in targeted areas, both in the LHC era and whatever comes next

Department of Energy Office of Science 15 DOE HEP Technology R&D Plan The overall strategy for accelerator technology R&D has both near- and long-term components to provide options for the U.S. program over the next decade: –Short-term R&D focused on development of a high intensity proton source for an enhanced scientific program in neutrinos and rare decays at Fermilab –Mid-term R&D directed at developing superconducting RF (SRF) technology and infrastructure, for both the HEP program and wider scientific applications of SRF accelerators –The focused ILC R&D program (as discussed above) –Long-term R&D directed at advanced accelerator technologies that hold the promise of transformational change. A new test facility for Advanced Accelerator R&D concepts is included in the FY2009 President’s Request.

Department of Energy Office of Science 16 We are at a pivot point, I believe, in the U.S. not only for HEP, but for DOE SC programs and the physical sciences There is support for research and development – but there is a debate about how much should go for short-term, mid-term and long-term (basic) research The Administration is strongly supporting long-term basic research The FY 2009 Budget Request provides funding for doubling funding for physical sciences SC Budget increases by +21 % (HEP increases by +16.8%) There is the expectation that Congress will not pass a funding bill until President leaves So expectation of a Continuing Resolution (funding at previous year level) for 6 months For HEP in the U.S. - it can go in a couple of directions The US community has to develop a compelling realistic vision for the a U.S. program - then they need to support it I believe that this is essential if we are to change the direction of the U.S. program that was implied in the FY 2008 Omnibus Bill. This will not be possible unless it is part of a coordinated international plan FY 2009

Department of Energy Office of Science 17 Scientific Directions – HEPAP (P5) To obtain input to develop this plan, DOE and NSF have asked the HEP advisory committee (HEPAP) for prioritized scientific recommendations that are consistent with current budgetary guidance. HEPAP has been engaged to develop a 10-plan consistent with four budget scenarios: Constant effort at the FY 2008 (Omnibus) funding level Constant effort at the FY 2007 funding level Doubling of funding starting in FY 2007 Additional funding above the previous level, in priority order, associated with specific activities needed to mount a leadership program that addresses the scientific opportunities identified in the National Academy (“EPP2010”) report. Preliminary Comments – March 15, 2008 Final Report – May, 2008

Department of Energy Office of Science 18 The Plan for HEP  The goal must be a world-class, vigorous, and productive program, which  recognizes the internationalization of particle physics,  incorporates recent and likely budget realities, and  ensures the vitality of the field for the next years  A plan for U.S. HEP must be developed that is supported by  the scientific community, the Administration, Congress and the public.  The scientific community’s role is critically important:  The community, through HEPAP and P5, is developing the science-driven plan.  To assist with the realization of this plan, the just released FY2009 Budget Request maintains future options for HEP. The plan will be used to articulate the case for the FY 2010 Budget Request.  The community needs to make the case of the science and benefits to the nation to Congress and the public.

Department of Energy Office of Science 19 FY 2009 HEP Budget (Dollars in Thousands)FY 2007 Actual FY 2008 Appropriation FY 2009 Request vs FY 2008 High Energy Physics Proton Accelerator-Based Physics343,633368, , % Electron Accelerator-Based Physics101,28465,59448, % Non-Accelerator Physics60,65574,19986, % Theoretical Physics59,95560,23463, % Advanced Technology R&D186,259 a 120,479187, % Total, High Energy Physics751,786 a 689,331 b 804, % Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Linac Operations (non-add)(51,300)(19,817)(--) The SLAC linear accelerator (linac) supports operations of the B-factory (funded by HEP) and will also support operations of the Linac Coherent Light Source (currently under construction and funded by Basic Energy Sciences (BES)). With the completion of B-factory operations in FY 2008, SC has been transitioning funding of the SLAC linac from HEP to BES, with FY 2008 representing the third and final year of joint funding with BES. a Total includes $19,352,000 transferred to SBIR and STTR programs. b includes an approved reprogramming of prior year balances of $1,014,000

Department of Energy Office of Science 20 FY 2009 HEP Budget Cross-Cut (Dollars in Thousands)FY 2007 Actual FY 2008 Appropriation (January AFP) FY 2009 Request vs FY 2008 High Energy Physics Core Research (incl. Accel. Science)280,768282,075294,497+4 % Technology R&D (non-ILC)88,60250,78484, % Facility Operations290,958283,602286,115+1 % Completed and Planned Projects13,55017,44066, % R&D Initiatives (ILC, JDEM)48,08224,43145, % Infrastructure10,47412,5327, % SBIR/STTR19,352 a 17,65320, % Total, High Energy Physics751,786 a 689,331 b 804, % a Total includes $19,352,000 transferred to SBIR and STTR programs. b includes an approved reprogramming of prior year balances of $1,014,000

Department of Energy Office of Science 21 Total Project Cost (TPC) Total Estimated Cost (TEC) Prior Year Appro- priations FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 Completion Date Large Hadron Collider–CMS Detector, CERN147,05071,78970,5391,250——FY 2007 NuMI Off-axis Neutrino Appearance (NOvA) Detector, Fermilab270,000TBD—500—7,000FY 2014 Main Injector Experiment v-A (MINERvA), Fermilab16,80010,700——5,0004,900FY 2010 Reactor Neutrino Detector, Daya Bay, China 32, ,000TBD—5003,96013,000FY 2012 Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K) Near Detector, Tokai, Japan4,6802,980——1,9801,000FY 2009 Cryogenic Dark Matter Survey, 25kg Detector, SNOLab, Canada 5,000- 7,000TBD———500FY 2012 Dark Energy Survey, Cerro-Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Chile 24, ,700TBD——3,6107,500FY 2011 Advanced Accelerator R&D Test Facility, TBD 15, ,000TBD———8,000FY 2013 Current MIE Projects (EQU costs ONLY; Dollars in Thousands) Neutrinos Particle-Astro Accel NOTE: Except for CMS, MINERvA, and T2K, all TPCs are preliminary estimates (projects have not yet been baselined)

Department of Energy Office of Science 22 Dark Matter Searches Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS-II) Direct detection of dark matter with ultracold Ge in Soudan Mine in Minnesota Data-taking: Full ops with 5 towers (~5kg active mass) started in 2006 & continuing in New results on exclusion limits on dark matter cross section will be out soon. Axion Dark Matter Search (ADMX) experiment  at Lawrence Livermore Lab in CA  Data taking planned in 2008 CDMS-25kg upgrade  R&D in FY2008; fabrication starts in FY2009  Deploy in SNOLab by 2012 Evaluating technologies for future as recommended by DMSAG. CDMS detector

Department of Energy Office of Science 23 Dark Energy Experiments Operating experiments (Stage II):  Supernova Cosmology Project, Nearby Supernova Factory, SDSS-II Providing R&D funds for large-scale experiments (Stage IV):  Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) Collaboration proposing that DOE fund the camera construction, led by SLAC  JDEM – next generation space-based experiment Continue R&D for SNAP concept, led by LBNL FY07 R&D funding for DESTINY and ADEPT Grants Program In 2007, DOE/HEP supported R&D in key areas identified by the “Dark Energy Task Force report”  Received 32 Dark Energy R&D proposals Partially funded 21 – projects include theory, ground and space ($3M total) In 2008, DOE/HEP again plans to provide “generic” dark energy support  Deadline for proposals was 12/18/07 Received 70 proposals requesting ~ $15.2M involving 198 researchers

Department of Energy Office of Science 24 Dark Energy - JDEM  Both BEPAC and the FY 2008 Omnibus Bill gave guidance that DOE and NASA should work together on JDEM.  DOE, NASA and OSTP have been meeting regularly to lay out the plan for a mission  Our target is: Announcement of Opportunity in 2008 Selection in 2009 Launch in the middle of the next decade

Department of Energy Office of Science 25 Dark Energy Survey (DES) DES is a Stage III experiment that will provide multiple methods to study dark energy  DOE is fabricating the DECam camera to be installed on the Blanco 4m telescope in Chile  Collaboration with NSF, UK, Spain, Brazil  Joint DOE/NSF review held January 2008: DECam ready for baselining.  Long-lead procurements beginning in 2008; operations in DECam Camera

Department of Energy Office of Science 26 Gamma-ray Astrophysics - Space Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST)  High-energy (~ GeV) gamma rays using HEP detector technology  Collaboration on the primary instrument, the Large Area Telescope (LAT), between NASA, DOE, France, Italy, Japan, Sweden  Jan 2006 – LAT instrument fabrication complete  Currently undergoing final environmental testing at NRL & will ship to Kennedy Space Center in March  Renaming contest on the www  May 16, GLAST launch scheduled LAT Detector during assembly

Department of Energy Office of Science 27 Cosmic Ray Astrophysics Pierre Auger Observatory – Argentina  Scientific goal is to observe, understand and characterize the very highest energy cosmic rays.  Collaboration with NSF and 17 other countries  Installed over 3000 km 2 site All fluorescence telescopes are operating 1570 (out of 1600) surface Cherenkov detectors deployed  Collaboration is working on R&D for Auger- South upgrades & an Auger-North design report Nov results: Sources of highest energy cosmic rays are most likely active galactic nuclei ! Fluorescence telescope

Department of Energy Office of Science 28 Future Prospects Proposals for next-generation tools are starting to come in, or are expected soon:  AGIS  Auger North  HAWC  BOSS/SDSS-III  + more An important part of DOE/HEP P5 process and evaluation will be asking how various proposals and directions impact our mission:  “understand how our universe works at its most fundamental level”