By: Ronald F. White, Ph.D. Professor of Philosophy College of Mount St. Joseph

Onondaga Lake –1884 Solvay Process Company (later Allied Signal Corp.) soda ash production –Organic chemicals –1940-Swimming is banned –1946 chlorine production, mercury –Metropolitan wastewater treatment plant –1973- Clean water act 1 –1986-soda ash production ends Issues –Future generations Tax benefits –Ecological Harm –Economic Harm recreation History TIMELINE

Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1962) 1970s Environmental Movement 1970-Environmental Protection Agency

Pollution: Resource Depletion: Extinction: Animals: Sustainability

Stockholder Theory –Government as an enemy of the Environment Tragedy of the Commons Corporate Welfare –Free Market Solutions Stakeholder Theory –Government as a friend of the Environment –Public Property-Private Property –Governmental Regulations –Environment as a stakeholder

1. Anthropocentric Theories (Human-Centered)- (Deontological and Teleological) –Judeo-Christian- –Deontological- Persons and Property Tragedy of the Commons –Moral Hazard Stockholder Theory Stakeholder Theory –Consequentialism- Utility Problem of Future Generations –Ecofeminism- Karen J. Warren Social Structure, Exploitation of Nature and Women, Dominance Hierarchy- Patriarachy –Social Ecology-George Sessions –Political Ecology-John Clark

Stockholder Theory Environment as Private Property Original Ownership –John Locke Exchange –contracts Environment as Public Property –“Public Good” Moral Hazard –Tragedy of the Commons Resource Management Pollution Politics and The Environment –Corporate Lobbying –Environmentalist Lobbying

Non-Anthropocentric Theories (Eco-Centric or Bio-Centric) –Land Ethic-Aldo Leopold 1. land as biotic community land pyramid- (predator-prey relationships) cooperative food chains –Carnivores –birds and rodents –Insects –Plant –soil –Deep Ecology

Forms –Air –Water –Noise Issues –Harm to Others Prediction Short-term Long-term –Future Generations Health –Economic Harm Prediction Short-term Long term –Harm to Environment (plants and Animals) –Offense Principle –Acceptable levels of pollution –Responsibility Corporations: “you broke it, you fix it.” –Stockholders –Consumers –Employees –Government