9/28 LEARNING TARGET I can compare and contrast ancient civilizations using PEGGS.

EGYPT, EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN, INDUS VALLEY, RISE OF CHINA, CIVILIZATIONS IN THE AMERICAS CHAPTER 2 THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS

THE RISE OF EGYPT

PHILOSPHY Kingship(Pharoah) was divine Pyramids were built to preserve life after death Still puzzling how they were so accurate Mummification Slowly drying a dead body Remove liver, lungs, stomach and intestines Salt poured on body and wrapped in cloth No word for religion Were polytheistic Egyptian ruler “Son of Re” Parents arranged marriages Husband was master, women were respected

ECONOMY Isolated and protected by geography around them Developed from old-middle-new kingdom People felt stable and prosperous Traded up and down the Nile

GEOGRAPHY Nile River Lower Egypt-Nile Delta Upper Egypt- Along the Nile River flooded every year, left rich soil Made traveling very fast Deserts to the west and east, Mediterranean to the north provide protection All created a feeling of security/changelessness

GOVERNMENT Dynasty-family of rulers whose right to rule is passed within family Pharaoh-”great house” or “palace” was most popular title Kingship was a divine institution wanted ultimate power, needed help- had a bureaucracy

SOCIETY Parents arranged marriages Husband was master, women were respected Mathematics Geometry for flooding/monuments 365 day calendar Hieroglyphics- “priest carvings” or “sacred writings” Complex, pictures, used on temple walls Hieratic script- Used for general life, represented by dashes/strokes/curves

EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN

BELIEFS Israelites - written down in the Hebrew Bible- known to Christians as the Old Testament Judaism=monotheistic(one god) Covenant, law, and prophets Followed the Torah Unique in that it was one God, all people could communicate with god, not just priests, wouldn’t accept gods of conquerers

TECHNOLOGY Phoenicians- Alphabet- 22 signs to represent 22 sounds, passed to the Greeks, then Romans, then us. Minoans- structures similar to a labyrinth Elaborate buildings- bathrooms

THE INDUS VALLEY

PHILOSOPHY Not much known about religion Seems to be primitive, polytheistic

ECONOMY Mysterious end- around 1800 B.C. Floods, earthquake, climate change, settlements, change in the course of the river 1500 B.C. shift in culture because of indo-European nomadic people Aryan people specifically had a big impact They gave up nomadic culture and introduced iron to the Indus Valley People

GOVERNMENT Rulers within the cities of the Indus Valley governed through the control of trade and religion rather than military strength Believed in divine assistance Evidence of a well-organized government because of such structured cities Many small kingdoms, often fighting

GEOGRAPHY India’s geography includes mountains, river valleys, a dry plateau, and fertile coastal plains Himalayas Ganges River Indus River Valley Primary feature is the monsoon Indian farmers depend on the heavy rains If early or late, crops are destroyed and people starve

SOCIETY Belief in the superiority of men Men could take a second wife if the first was unable to bear children Ritual of suttee- Required a wife to throw herself on her dead husband’s funeral pyre Houses/buildings made from Mud Bricks Built new houses on old ones as they crumbled, cities grew higher and higher Mohenjo Daro’s Great Bath

CHINA

PHILOSOPHY Leaders could talk to gods Oracle Bones Mandate of Heaven Double edged sword Filial Piety People should be subordinate to the male head of the family

ECONOMY Isolated from other groups Groups they did come into contact with=conflict

GEOGRAPHY Huang He, or Yellow River brought yellow silt to the area Only 10 percent is suitable for farming Mountains and desserts isolated the Chinese people Climate is different depending on the area

GOVERNMENT Shang Dynasty- Aristocracy(wealth passes from one generation to the next) Royal family was top, then aristocracy, then peasants, then slaves Rulers could communicate with gods Zhou Dynast- similar to Shangeclaimed Mandate of Heaven Kept same pattern of land ownership, peasants work inner plots for lord, outer plots for themselves

SOCIETY Roads and canals were built to stimulate trade and agriculture. Coined money was introduced, which further improved trade. Blast furnaces that produced cast iron were developed. Pictographic(represent objects) and ideographic(combine to make an idea) Evolved for 4000 years, never fully abandoned original

MESOAMERICA

PHILOSOPHY Most were polytheistic society. Maize God, lord of fertility Jaguar God, lord of the Underworld obsidian found in Teotihuacan-volcanic glass used in sacrifice

ECONOMY Most civilizations were abandoned or declined for unknown reasons Traded between themselves for jade and obsidian for tools

GEOGRAPHY Olmec located on Gulf of Mexico Farmed along riverbanks Teotihuacan lived in a fertile valley- very rich farming

GOVERNMENT Olmec civilization was highly centralized, and focused mainly on the aspect of sacrifice. Sometimes inviting neighboring villages, they would offer their blood and lives to their gods. Giant stone heads were made to commemorate the chiefs and leaders that they had

SOCIETY Olmec- No metal tools, must have used stone Not a lot of weapons Calendar, stone ball games Zapotec had written language that has not been deciphered Chavin had simple writing Pyramids for religious rituals

PARAGRAPH Write an essay analyzing the early civilizations. You must have THREE examples for your paragraph. Choose between these thesis statements; The early civilizations were similar because… The early civilizations were different because… The most interesting PEGGS characteristic to compare is…..because…..