Meteorology of Winter Air Pollution In Fairbanks.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Ch 14 – Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC)
Advertisements

C2 NWS Snow Model. C2 Snow Model Terms  SWE - Snow water equivalent  AESC - Areal extent of snow cover  Heat Deficit - Energy required to bring the.
Accessing and Interpreting Web-based Weather Data Clinton Rockey National Weather Service Portland, Oregon.
The Earth’s Energy Budget Chapter 3 Objectives Trace the flow of energy through the atmosphere.
Stratus. Outline  Formation –Moisture trapped under inversion –Contact layer heating of fog –Fog induced stratus –Lake effect stratus/strato cu  Dissipation.
Winter Weather Forecasting An Empirical Approach to Winter Storm Forecasting for the National Weather Service Springfield, Missouri Forecast Area.
Fog Formation Anthony R. Lupo Lab 8 Atms 4310.
Transport of Air Pollutants
Air Temperature Chapter 3. Overview Daily Temperature Variations –Daytime Warming, Nighttime cooling –Cold Air near the surface The Controls of Temperature.
NATS 101 Lecture 8 Temperature Variations. Supplemental References for Today’s Lecture Wallace, J. M. and P. V. Hobbs, 1977: Atmospheric Science, An Introductory.
NATS 101 Lecture 8 Temperature Variations. Supplemental References for Today’s Lecture Wallace, J. M. and P. V. Hobbs, 1977: Atmospheric Science, An Introductory.
1. a. What is shown here? weather or climate ? b. What is the local time (MDT) this analysis is valid for?
A few tips on writing a good forecast discussion: Monday, January 24 NWS Discussion as an example Atmo 456 Conlee/Seroka.
RADIATION FOG STUDY. Office Stats 00z ELM TAF 00z ELM TAF POD for FG – 0.53 POD for FG – 0.53 FAR – 0.55 FAR – z ELM TAF 06z ELM TAF POD for FG.
The Surface-Based Temperature Inversion on the Antarctic Plateau Stephen R. Hudson Richard E. Brandt University of Washington.
Visualizing Physical Geography Copyright © 2008 John Wiley and Sons Publishers Inc. Chapter 3 Air Temperature.
Fog, mist and temperature inversions TimeTemp In the early evening, the hill tops cool more rapidly than the valleys (being high and exposed). The.
Weather Forecasting - II. Review The forecasting of weather by high-speed computers is known as numerical weather prediction. Mathematical models that.
Meteorological Outlook, Lenny Pfister, NASA/ARC.
Preliminary Freezing Rain/Drizzle Climatology for EAX Mike July Winter Weather/Cool Season Seminar November 3, 2006.
Dew, Frost and Fog. RECAP Hydrological cycle: transport of water and energy. Humidity: absolute humidity, specific humidity, water mixing ratio, relative.
How to get the most from the Internet briefings NWS Boise, Id.
Rating Snowstorms Based on Travel Impacts Ernie Ostuno National Weather Service, GRR.
Winter Weather Pattern Recognition. Ice Storm (500mb) Trough or upper level low to the west o Source for upper level divergence (rising motion) and southerly.
28 Jan 1815 UTC2135 UTC Clear patches due to canyon drainage/ Exchange from Utah Valley? PCAPS IOP January 2011.
WATER IN THE ATMOSPHERE CHAPTER 18.1 HUMIDITY AND CONDENSATION.
Composition of the Atmosphere
Lesson 01 Atmospheric Structure n Composition, Extent & Vertical Division.
Weather Forecasting Elisabeth (Lis) Cohen. Motivation Foxtrot Comic Strip.
Chapter 09 Fog Formation Lesson 30/31 Types of Fog Radiation Fog Smoke Fog (Smog) Advection Fog Thaw Fog Arctic Sea Smoke (Steam Fog) Frontal Fog Hill.
Winter Weather Seminar Nov 3, 2006 Fog and Stratus.
Chapter 5. The Formation of Dew & Frost  Dew forms on objects near the ground surface when they cool below the dew point temperature. More likely on.
Properties of the Atmosphere
Techniques for Evaluating Wildfire Smoke Impact on Ozone for Possible Exceptional Events Daniel Alrick 1, Clinton MacDonald 1, Brigette Tollstrup 2, Charles.
An air quality information system for cities with complex terrain based on high resolution NWP Viel Ødegaard, r&d department.
Climate of Mesoamerica and Caribbean Prepared by Adam Carpenter, based on research by Amy Huff, Battelle.
Bay Effect Snow from the Chesapeake Bay David F. Hamrick WPC Meteorologist College Park, Maryland.
Scott's Winter Forecast ! It’s like looking into a crystal ball… Seriously though; getting the forecast to verify seven days out is hard enough….why.
5.01 Heating and Cooling of the Atmosphere
Investigating the typical occurrence of cold-air-pools during the COLd air Pool Experiment (COLPEX) Bradley Jemmett-Smith 15 th Conference of Mountain.
` Observations of Great Salt Lake Breezes During Salt Lake Valley Persistent Cold Air Pools Erik Crosman, John Horel, Neil Lareau, and Xia Dong University.
Structure of the Earth’s Atmosphere * Chemical Composition * Vertical Layers * Coriolis Force * Hadley Cells.
Barbara Trost/Bob Morgan Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation Temperature Inversions in Alaska ITEP Air Quality Training Kodiak 2015.
Atmospheric Moisture.
Climate and Global Change Notes 17-1 Earth’s Radiation & Energy Budget Resulting Seasonal and Daily Temperature Variations Vertical Temperature Variation.
ATMOSPHERE OBJECTIVE 1 1.What are the structural components of the
FOG. Fog is a cloud (usually stratus) that is in contact with the ground. –Relatively stable air ie. Shallow lapse rate needed –Temperature to dew point.
Relationship of PM and Meteorology in Fairbanks: the Sequel Robert Crawford, Rincon Ranch Consulting Tucson, AZ Sierra Research, Sacramento CA May 26,
Weather and Climate Unit Investigative Science. * Meteorologists describe properties of the atmosphere using the following descriptors: * Temperature.
Weather Differences Nov/Dec Wind - Days with Gusts >=10mph Year Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Climate. Climate Climate – the pattern of temperature and precipitation typical of an area over a long period of time. –Temperature –Precipitation There.
Lecture 5 reading assignm: A&K finish Ch 3, Ch 4. Hartmann 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.12 Lapse rate, change in T with height Atmospheric water: quantifying water.
* Chemical Composition * Vertical Layers * Coriolis Force * Hadley Cells The Structure of the Earth’s Atmosphere.
5.01 Heating and Cooling of the Atmosphere
Temperature Inversions the cause of the smoggy brown haze.
Two Frigid 2014 Snow Storms – A Look at Snow to Liquid Ratios
CGS Ground School Meteorology Visibility
UK Weather Systems Aim:
5.01 Heating and Cooling of the Atmosphere
Science fair- Put your logbook inside your board.
Fig. 2 shows the relationship between air temperature and relative humidity. 2 (a) (i) Describe the relationship shown in Fig. 2. [3] (ii) State.
Air Pollution and Control (Elective- I)
Weather, Climate & Society ATMO 336 Climate vs. Weather
Weather Stations and Weather Maps
5.01 Heating and Cooling of the Atmosphere
Central California Circulation Study
NATS 101 Lecture 3 Climate and Weather
EQ: What is the impact of climate on Georgia’s growth and development?
REGIONAL AND LOCAL-SCALE EVALUATION OF 2002 MM5 METEOROLOGICAL FIELDS FOR VARIOUS AIR QUALITY MODELING APPLICATIONS Pat Dolwick*, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC, USA.
Dew, Frost and Fog.
Presentation transcript:

Meteorology of Winter Air Pollution In Fairbanks

Jim Brader, Forecaster, 20 years NWS Fairbanks Austin Cross, UAF Graduate Student and Intern NWS Fairbanks

Winter Air Pollution in Fairbanks Very Poor Dispersion Forecasting Very Poor Dispersion PM 2.5 Violation Day Conditions Human Introduced Pollutants

Air Pollution is a function of human introduced pollutants and very poor dispersion. Dispersion is a function of surface based temperature lapse rate, mixing height, and wind speed. Very Poor Dispersion is caused by the combination of very strong surface based inversions, very low mixing heights, and low wind speeds.

So why does Fairbanks have an air pollution problem? Among the strongest surface based inversions in the U.S. Surface based inversions are present 80% of time in December and January. Very low winds speeds.

Fairbanks Inversion Surfaced based lapse rates commonly exceed 10C/100m, and at times as strong as 30C/100m in the lowest 30m. Extreme cases have as much as 40C difference between the surface and the top of the inversion. Inversion top is often 3000 ft MSL or higher, but the greatest change in temperature is normally below 1500 ft MSL.

Temperature vs. Height Dec 29, 2008

Why does Fairbanks have such strong Inversions? Fairbanks is located at the bottom of a bowl formed by a ring of 3000 ft high hills. Little incoming solar radiation from Nov-Feb, combined with plenty of outgoing surface radiation allows cool air to form at the surface. Cool air is heavy and pools in the bowl over Fairbanks.

Fairbanks Bowl

Fairbanks Bowl shown by Jan 2008 IR Satellite

Mixing Heights Mixing heights of 10m or less are common during periods of poor dispersion. Mixing heights as low as 6m reported. Personal observation of smoke layers below city street lights verifies this.

Low Mixing Heights Seen Jan 2009

Wind Speed Among the lowest wind speeds in U.S. Mean wind speed for Nov-Feb is 2.8 mph at airport. Winds downtown often lower than at airport ( ≤ 2.0 mph 60% of time Nov-Feb )

Winter Air Pollution in Fairbanks Very Poor Dispersion Forecasting Very Poor Dispersion PM 2.5 Violation Day Conditions Human Introduced Pollutants

Table 1. Dispersion Forecast Guidelines Developed for CO. Met Tower Lapse Rate (deg C/100m) Met Tower 10m Winds (mph) Dispersion ClassViolation Possible? >10< or = 2 >2 very poor poor to fair yes no 5 to 9< >2 very poor very poor to poor poor-fair yes no 0 to 5< >2 very poor poor fair yes no 0 to -1< >10 poor fair good excellent no any >10 fair- good good excellent no

Dispersion Rules of Thumb Dec-Feb accounted for the majority (96%) of days violating federal CO standards ( ). All of the CO exceedances ( ) occurred with a synoptic weather pattern where Fairbanks was in the NE quadrant of a low pressure system lying in the Gulf of Alaska and with high pressure in Northeast Alaska.

Dispersion Rules of Thumb Worsening Low level warm advection causes dispersion to worsen Very poor dispersion often occurs with low level warm advection following a cold spell (temperatures <-30C for several days). Conditions worsen as the warm advection continues, causing the inversion to strengthen and the mixing height to lower (common with southerly “Chinook flow”).

Dispersion Rules of Thumb Worsening Very poor dispersion is possible on calm, clear days in late February when sunset occurs about 5pm. Winds downtown are often lower than reported at airport.

Dispersion Rules of Thumb Improving Surface inversions weaken and dispersion improves when: A) clouds with ceilings lower than 8000 ft move over Fairbanks, B) winds ≥ 10 mph surface downtown (even for just an hour) temporarily improving dispersion enough to significantly reduce pollution levels, C) snow or ice fog occurs.

Dispersion Rules of Thumb Improving Low-level cold advection weakens the inversion and improves dispersion.

Winter Air Pollution in Fairbanks Very Poor Dispersion Forecasting Very Poor Dispersion PM 2.5 Violation Day Conditions Human Introduced Pollutants

PM Violation Day SLP Composite

Dec-Feb Composite SLP

PM2.5 vs. Surface Lapse Rate

Lapse Rate vs. PM2.5 Violation Days

PM2.5 vs Max Temp

Composite Dec-Feb 500 MB Height field

Composite Violation Day 500 MB Height field

Pressure (Height) vs Temperature Violation day points Blue

Pressure vs Temp - Oct

Pressure vs Temp - Nov

Pressure vs Temp - Dec

Pressure vs Temp - Jan

Pressure vs Temp - Feb

What do Soundings show us? Seasonal trend to violation soundings. Oct-Dec PM2.5 Violations occur with little difference from normal lapse rates, and with a wide range of sounding temperatures. Jan-Feb PM2.5 Violations occur with stronger lapse rates and much colder temperatures than average soundings.

Why Seasonality? Oct-Dec period has more cloud cover and snowfall on average than Jan-Feb. RH averages 75% Nov, falls to 70% in Feb. Are PM2.5 inputs seasonal? (i.e. Do people run low on wood after Christmas and only burn during very cold periods?) Other reasons?

Winter Air Pollution in Fairbanks Very Poor Dispersion Forecasting Very Poor Dispersion PM 2.5 Violation Day Conditions Human Introduced Pollutants

Human Introduced Particulates Poor correlation of Meteorological effects on PM2.5 values when pollutant amounts vary with time, depending on type and amount of combustion. We don’t know sources nor amounts of pollutants through time!

Conclusions? Poor Dispersion is present much of the winter. Poor Dispersion is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for PM2.5 violations. Colder surface temperature appears to increase the violations of PM2.5, unlike CO. Seasonal trend to Violations at colder conditions later in winter. Variation of the Input of particulates is not well understood, but important part of equation.

Where do we go from here? CO was reduced dramatically in FNSB by reducing CO emitted, not by changing weather! Need to better understand sources of particulates and variations in emissions. NWS produced Dispersion Forecast might improve slightly with real-time downtown Met Tower Data. Maybe web based access.

Winter Air Pollution In Fairbanks- The End