BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 18 The Evolution of Animal Diversity Modules – 18.15

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Insects are the most numerous and successful arthropods They have a three-part body consisting of –head, thorax, and abdomen –three sets of legs –wings (most, but not all insects) The development of many insects includes metamorphosis Insects are the most diverse group of organisms

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18.13A AntennaForewing Mouthparts Hindwing Head ThoraxAbdomen Eye

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The insects you see here undergo incomplete metamorphosis –Their young resemble adults, but are smaller with different body proportions Figure 18.13B, C

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The insects you see here undergo complete metamorphosis Figure 18.13D, E

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –They have larvae specialized for eating and growing –The larvae look very different from the adults –Adults are specialized for dispersal and reproduction Figure 18.13F, G Haltere

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Phylum Echinodermata includes organisms such as sea stars and sea urchins –These organisms are radially symmetrical as adults Echinoderms have spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for movement Figure 18.14B, C

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings –The water vascular system has suction-cup-like tube feet used for respiration and locomotion Figure 18.14A Stomach Anus Spines TUBE FEET CANALS

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organisms in this phylum are segmented animals with four distinctive features –Dorsal hollow nerve cord –Stiff notochord –Pharyngeal slits behind the mouth –Muscular post-anal tail Our own phylum, Chordata, is distinguished by four features

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The simplest chordates are tunicates and lancelets –These are marine invertebrates Figure 18.15A POST-ANAL TAIL DORSAL, HOLLOW NERVE CORD PHARYNGEAL SLITS Mouth Muscle segments NOTOCHORD LARVA

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lancelets Figure 18.15B Head NOTOCHORD DORSAL, HOLLOW NERVE CORD Mouth Pharynx PHARYNGEAL SLITS Digestive tract Water exit Segmental muscles Anus POST-ANAL TAIL

BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 18 The Evolution of Animal Diversity Modules – 18.20

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most chordates are vertebrates –Their endoskeletons include a skull –Their backbone is composed of vertebrae A skull and a backbone are hallmarks of vertebrates VERTEBRATES Figure VertebraeBackboneSkull

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lampreys lack hinged jaws –They are classified as agnathans Most vertebrates have hinged jaws Figure 18.17A, B Jaws evolved by the modification of skeletal supports of the gill slits Gill slits Skeletal rods Skull Mouth

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings There are two classes of fish –Chondrichthyes, cartilaginous fishes such as sharks –Osteichthyes, bony fishes such as tuna and trout Fishes are jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins Figure 18.18A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bony fishes are more diverse and have –more mobile fins –operculi that move water over the gills –a buoyant swim bladder Figure 18.18B BONY SKELETON SWIM BLADDER Gills OPERCULUM

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings There are three major classes of bony fishes –Ray-finned fishes –Lobe-finned fishes –Lungfishes Figure 18.18C Rainbow trout, a ray-fin Coelacanth, a lobe-fin

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Class Amphibia is represented today by –frogs –toads –salamanders Amphibians were the first land vertebrates

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Amphibians were the first terrestrial vertebrates –Their limbs allow them to move on land –However, amphibian larvae must develop in water Figure 18.19A-C

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Air-breathing lungfishes that developed skeleton-reinforced appendages probably gave rise to the first amphibians Figure 18.19D Bones supporting gills Typical tetrapod limb skeleton

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Class Reptilia is able to live on land due to –waterproof scales –a shelled, amniotic egg Modern reptiles are ectotherms –They warm their bodies by absorbing heat from the environment Reptiles have more terrestrial adaptations than amphibians Figure 18.20A, B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dinosaurs were the most diverse reptiles to inhabit land –This group included some of the largest land animals ever –They may have been endothermic, producing their own body heat Figure 18.20C

BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 18 The Evolution of Animal Diversity Modules – 18.24

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Like reptiles, class Aves has –scales –amniotic eggs Birds share many features with their reptilian ancestors Figure 18.21A Teeth (like reptile) Wing claw (like reptile) Feathers Long tail with many vertebrae (like reptile)

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Other bird characteristics include –wings –feathers –an endothermic metabolism –hollow bones –a highly efficient circulatory system Figure 18.21B, C

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Class Mammalia descended from reptiles Mammals are endothermic There are two unique mammalian characteristics –Hair, which insulates the body –Mammary glands, which produce milk that nourishes their young Mammals also evolved from reptiles

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most mammals give birth to young after a period of embryonic development inside the body of the mother –The embryo is nurtured by an organ called the placenta A few mammals lay eggs –Monotremes Figure 18.22A

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Marsupials have a short gestation –The tiny offspring complete development attached to the mother’s nipple, usually inside a pouch –Example: kangaroos Figure 18.22B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Most mammals are eutherians, also called placentals –They have a relatively long gestation –Complete embryonic development occurs within the mother Figure 18.22C

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A traditional phylogenetic tree is based on patterns of embryonic development and some fundamental structures A phylogenetic tree gives animal diversity an evolutionary perspective PHYLOGENY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18.23A PoriferaPlatyhelminthesMolluscaArthropodaChordata EchinodermataAnnelidaNematodaCnidaria No body cavity Pseudocoelom PROTOSTOMES Coelom from cell masses DEUTEROSTOMES Coelom from digestive tube True coelom Body cavity Bilateral symmetry True tissues Ancestral protists Radial symmetry No true tissues Present day

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A molecular- based tree has added two clades within the protostomes Figure 18.23B LophotrochozoaEcdysozoa ProtostomesDeuterostomes Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry No true tissues True tissues Ancestral colonial choanoflagellate PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELMINTHES MOLLUSCAANNELIDA NEMATODA ARTHROPODA ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Introduced species are threatening Australia’s native animals Connection: Humans threaten animal diversity by introducing non-native species Figure 18.24A-D

BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor From PowerPoint ® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections CHAPTER 18 Extra Photographs Part B

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Earthworm Figure 18.10Ax

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Beetle Figure 18.13Dx

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Butterfly metamorphosis: larva (caterpillar), pupa, emerging adult, adult Figure 18.13Ex

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sea star, Bloodstar Figure 18.14Ax1

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brittle star Figure 18.14Ax2

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cartilaginous fishes: sharks and rays Figure 18.18Ax

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Newt Figure 18.19x

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extant reptiles: desert tortoise, lizard, King snake, alligators Figure 18.20x1

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sea turtle Figure 18.20x2

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Banded gecko Figure 18.20x3

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Emerald tree boa Figure 18.20x4

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Penguins, flightless birds Figure 18.21Cx

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Marsupial mouse Figure 18.22Bx

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Example of segmentation in Mr. Johnson’s Glory Days