LOGO 沈阳师范大学 主讲人：张 林 欧洲历史与文明

LOGO Chapter 10 Napoleonic Europe The Overthrow of Napoleon: The Congress of Vienna

LOGO Chapter 10 Napoleonic Europe The Overthrow of Napoleon: The Congress of Vienna Overview I. The Russian Campaign and the War of Liberation II. The Restoration of the Bourbons III. The Hundred Days IV. The Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815)

LOGO The retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleon’s disastrous Russian Campaign ( ). In July, 1812 Napoleon led his Grand Armee of 614,000 men eastward across central Europe and into Russia. The Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon. They retreated to Moscow, drawing the French into the interior of Russia [hoping that it’s size and the weather would act as “support” for the Russian cause]. The Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped of food. The “Big Blunder” --- Russia

LOGO September 14, 1812  Napoleon reached Moscow, but the city had largely been abandoned. The Russians had set fire to the city. (“scorched earth policy” ） Napoleon’s Troops at the Gate of Moscow

LOGO Moscow Is on Fire!

LOGO The Russian Fiasco In 1812, Russia’s refusal to properly enforce the Continental System forced Napoleon to launch an invasion of Russia The Russians withdrew into the depths of Russia avoiding battle with Napoleon Battle of Borodino (7 September 1812) and Moscow Retreat of the Grande Armée By December, the remnants of the Grande Armée reached the safety of Poland and East Prussia Of the 614,000 who went into Russia, only 60,000 remained

LOGO Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow (early 1813)

LOGO Germany, 1813 With their victory over the French, the Russians continue their advance westward into central Europe, gaining the support of Prussia and then Austria toward the summer of 1813 Napoleon reconstitutes the Grande Armée to counter the advance of the allies The 1813 campaign for Germany or the War of Liberation The most important battle of this campaign was the Battle of Leipzig (16-19 October 1813), also known as the “Battle of the Nations” This major defeat, plus others force the French to retreat back to France

LOGO “Battle of the Nations” Memorial Napoleon’s Defeat at Leipzig (October 16-17, 1813)

LOGO Napoleon Abdicates! Allied forces occupied Paris on March 31, Napoleon abdicated on April 6 in favor of his son, but the Allies insisted on unconditional surrender. Napoleon abdicated again on April 11. Treaty of Fontainbleau  exiles Napoléon to Elba with an annual income of 2,000,000 francs. The royalists took control and restored Louis XVIII to the throne (Louis XVI’s younger brother)

LOGO France, 1814 In 1814, the allies invade France proper and during a series of battles and maneuvers, many of which are considered Napoleon ’ s finest, Napoleon is able to hold off the Allies However, allied numbers and French exhaustion force Napoleon to abdicate in April

LOGO Napoleon in Exile on Elba

LOGO Louis XVIII (r )

LOGO

“The War of the 7 th Coalition”  Britain, Russia. Prussia, Austria, Sweden, smaller German states France  1815: Napoleon’s “100 Days” Napoléon escaped Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815  the beginning of his 100 Days. Marie Louise & his son were in the hands of the Austrians.

LOGO Napoleon Escapes From Elba Napoleon escaped from Elba and landed in France on March 1, 1815 in an attempt to regain control of his lost empire with promises of peace Fearing a renewal of French expansion, the allies declared him an “Enemy and Disturber of the Tranquility of the World” and raised and army against him. Napoleon manages to defeat the Prussians at Ligny but is finally crushed by the British in Belgium, Waterloo under The Duke of Wellington

LOGO In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815[5] near Waterloo, Belgium) forces of the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte and Michel Ney were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition, including a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher and an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington. It was the decisive battle of the Waterloo Campaign and Bonaparte's last. The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon's rule as the French emperor, and marked the end of Napoleon's Hundred Days of return from exile. Battle of Waterloo

LOGO Elba, Waterloo, and St. Helena Restoration of the Bourbons, Exile and the Congress of Vienna Napoleon at Elba Return to France, 1815 The Allied powers declare him an outlaw and plan for an invasion of France Napoleon, with a new army, moves north into Belgium to engage the British and Prussian armies stationed there

LOGO Napoleon on His Way to His Final Exile on St. Helena

LOGO Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena

LOGO Napoleon’s Tomb

LOGO The Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815) Fought between Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington Fought between Napoleon and the Duke of Wellington Completely underestimating the British, it is not one of Napoleon’s best efforts and he is let down by lapses in his own judgment and that of his primary subordinates Completely underestimating the British, it is not one of Napoleon’s best efforts and he is let down by lapses in his own judgment and that of his primary subordinates Defeat of the Imperial Guard Defeat of the Imperial Guard French retreat and disorder French retreat and disorder Napoleon again abdicates Napoleon again abdicates Exile to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Exile to the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic Napoleon would remain there until his death in May of 1821 Napoleon would remain there until his death in May of 1821