You are what you eat? 4 Classes of Macromolecules

Carbohydrates (Sugars)

Function Short Term Energy Storage Carbohydrate loading Identification of Cells Are you a good cell or a bad cell? What type of cell are you?

Made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen glucosesucrose

Building Blocks Monomer: a basic unit of an organic compound Simple sugars –ose Monosaccharide (Monomer): glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 Disaccharide (Polymer): sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 C 12 H 22 O 11 Polysaccharide (Polymer): Many simple sugars joined together to form larger carbohydrates, like starch.

Examples Examples –Glucose (respiration and photosynthesis) –Cellulose plant cell wall –Lactose –Sucrose –Glycogen:E storage in animal –Starch: E storage in plants Food Sources –Rice –Bread –Potatoes –Fruits

Lipids Lipids (Fats)

Function Long term Energy storage Main component of cell membranes InsulationPadding

Made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Building Blocks 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

Examples Examples –Body Fat: E storage in animals –Oils: Energy storage in plants –Wax –Phospholipids in the cell membrane Food sources: –Butter –Olive oil –Mayonnaise

IMPORTANT PROPERTY Lipids are hydrophobic –Hydrophobic: does not dissolve in water. Applications for organisms: –Waterproof –Cell formation

Structure Saturated lipid: C - C Unsaturated lipid: C = C

Structure (Continued) Cell Membrane: made up of a phospholipid bilayer (two layers of lipids)

THE END FOR TODAY

Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA

Function Stores genetic information DNA and RNA determine what protein is made PROTEIN SYTHESIS

Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus

Building Blocks Monomers: Nucleotides –Sugar (deoxyribose, ribose) –Phosphate Group –Nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil)

Examples DNA -all food RNA Examples Food Sources

Protein

Function - Make up structures of organisms -Carry out chemical reactions -Control the rate of chemical reactions -Transport molecules in and out of cells -Fight disease

Made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur

Building Blocks Monomers of Proteins are amino acids There are 20 different amino acids.

Examples Examples: –Hair and Nails –Hemoglobin –Muscles –Enzymes: Protein that speeds up the rate of chemical reactions. Also called a Catalyst

ENZYMES are SPECIFIC  only bind to SPECIFIC substrates to work SPECIFIC reactions, because of the enzyme’s SPECIFIC shape. Example: The enzyme DNA polymerase has a specific shape that allows it to bind to DNA and speed up the process of DNA replication Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions All ENZYMES end in –ase Examples: - lactase - amylase - galactidase

Specific enzyme action of the enzyme binding to the substrate is called the: LOCK and KEY MODEL

THE END For real this time….