Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 1 Measurement Turning “Conceptual” variables: –The ideas that form the basis of a.

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Presentation transcript:

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 1 Measurement Turning “Conceptual” variables: –The ideas that form the basis of a research hypothesis –INTO – “Measured” variables –Numbers that represent conceptual variables

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 2 Conceptual and Measured Variables in a Correlational Research Design

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 3 Operational Definition Operational definition –a precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 4 Converging Operations Converging operations –We use different operationalizations of the same conceptual variable to triangulate (hone in) on the conceptual variable –How might you “converge” on the conceptual variable “attraction” ? W rite two operational definitions for the variable.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 5 Operational Definitions

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 6 Types of variables Nominal variable –Used to name or identify a particular characteristic (e.g., sex, religion) Quantitative variable –Uses numbers to indicate the extent to which a person possesses a characteristic (e.g., shyness, intelligence)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 7 Types of Measurement Scales Interval scale –Equal distances between scores on a measure are known to correspond to equal changes in the conceptual variable (e.g., Fahrenheit) Ratio scales –Interval scales that also have a true zero point Ordinal scale (most common in behavioral research) –Numbers indicate whether there is more or less of the conceptual variable, but do not indicate the exact interval between the individuals on the conceptual variable (e.g., rating scales)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 8 Measures Self-report vs. behavioral Self-report measures –Free-format vs. fixed format (next slide)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 9 Free-Format Self-Report Measures Free-format self-report measures –Allow respondents to indicate whatever thoughts or feelings they have about the topic, without any constraints imposed (e.g., projectives) –Produce a rich set of data –Very difficult and time-consuming to turn the generated thoughts into a set of measured variables –Hard to compare individuals

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 10 Fixed-Format Self-Report Measures Fixed-format self-report measures –The individual is presented with a set of questions called items combined into a scale –Likert scale (most popular) -- consists of a series of items that indicate agreement or disagreement with the issue that is to be measured –Your homework assignment

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 11 Acquiescent Responding Acquiescent responding –May occur if all the items on a Likert scale are phrased in the same direction –Not possible to tell if the respondent is simply tending to agree with everything or if he or she really agrees with the content of the item

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 12 Semantic Differential Semantic differential –The topic being evaluated is presented once at the top of the page –Items consist of pairs of adjectives located at the two endpoints of a standard response format

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 13 Reactivity –Changes in responding that occur when individuals know they are being measured –Example: Social desirability -- tendency to present self in a positive or socially acceptable way to the researcher

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.Chapter 4 | 14 Behavioral Measures Measure behavior directly Types of behavioral variables include: –Frequency, Duration, Intensity, Latency, Speed –See Table 4.5 –Psychophysiological measures Advantages / Disadvantages? –nonreactive