Georgia Air Quality and Climate Summit Thomas Nissalke, Ph.D. Director of Environmental and Technical Services City of Atlanta Department of Aviation May 7, 2008

--The Last Frontier: Controlling Non-Road Mobile Sources-- Aircraft Engines, Ground Support Equipment (GSE), and Construction Equipment

Ownership: The City of Atlanta Operator: Department of Aviation World’s Busiest Airport Largest employment center in the State of Georgia (56,000 employees) Property: 4,700 acres Runways: 5 parallel (longest runway - 11,889’) City of Atlanta/airlines developed a $5.4 billion 10-year H-JAIA development program to accommodate current and future air traffic demands. Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport

Who Regulates Emissions From These Sources? Aircraft Who Controls the Use of These Sources? GSE Construction Equipment etc. Contractors

Aircraft Emissions – Tons/Year No. of Operations Year , , , , , , , , ,022,000

GSE Emissions Total GSE emissions are a function of the number of operations, the time in use, and the fuel type of equipment. Due to proprietary nature of the data, airlines have historically been reluctant to disclose data related to their current GSE fleets and their plans for the future. As a result, reported emission estimates from this source are overstated (because conservative assumptions were made).

H-JAIA Aircraft/GSE Emissions – Regional Comparison (13-County Non-attainment Area) Source Tons per Summer Day VOCNOxVOCNOxVOCNOx Point a Area a Mobile a Nonroad - H-JAIA: Aircraft b GSE b Total H-JAIA Other c Total Nonroad a Total a H-JAIA % of Total0.2%2.9%0.5%2.8%0.6%4.0% a Source: Atlanta One-Hour Ozone Non-attainment Area Redesignation Request and Maintenance Plan (Feb 2005). b Source: 2002: H-JAIA Aircraft/GSE Emission Inventories 2002, 2004, and 2005 (Jan 2005) and 2010: H-JAIA Air Pollutant Emission Inventories 2005 and 2009 [3,000 foot mixing height ] (Jan 2007). c Other nonroad sources include regional construction, activity at other airports within the non-attainment area, locomotives, etc.

Construction Emissions Level of emissions varies depending on scale of, and schedule for, each project. Runway Duration: 4/01 to 5/06 (5 years, 1 month) Hold Bag Screening Duration: 7/04 – 6/05 (11 months)

Hartsfield-Jackson and Delta AQ Study 2004 – DOA and Delta worked with the University of Missouri-Rolla, Aerodyne Research, Inc. and NOAA to bring mobile laboratories to H-JAIA to conduct two distinct aircraft-related measurement programs related to PM: Dedicated engine tests under controlled operations and Tests under routine take off operations. Particle volume concentration size distribution as a function of time Experimental layout for trial soot emission measurements by LIDAR

Hartsfield-Jackson and Delta AQ Study Study Highlights One of the first opportunities to measure PM emissions from in-service commercial aircraft. Provided perspective on magnitude and nature of aviation emissions considering “real-world” conditions. Demonstrated significant day-to-day variation in aircraft-related emissions attributable to ambient conditions (temperature, relative humidity, and pressure). Due to vast dataset, analysis of the test data is still ongoing.

Single-Engine Taxi Recognized by airlines as a fuel conservation measure but also reduces emissions Performed at pilot discretion Emission Reduction Measures

Airfield Improvements Runway Taxiway “N5”, “M14”, and intersection upgrades Extension of Taxiway “L” Runway 8R Endaround taxiway (Taxiway “V”)

Super Tugs Used to reposition aircraft from gate-to-gate and to move aircraft to/from Technical Operations Center for maintenance While tugs produce emissions, level Is significantly less than aircraft Emission Reduction Measures

Electric GSE Delta plans to increase the number of electric baggage tugs and other electric equipment in use at H-JAIA Belt Loader Baggage Tugs

Fuel Carts In conjunction with hydrant fueling system, fuel carts eliminates the need for fuel trucks Emission Reduction Measures

Construction Contract bid language stipulates that contractors use “clean” equipment, limit unnecessary idling of diesel engines, and use low emission vehicles to carpool employees to jobsite

Emission Reduction Measures The DOA received an environmental award from the Airports Council International – North America for this project Measures that reduce emissions from other sources Source: On-Road Motor Vehicles (Construction-related) Reduction Measure: Conveyor Benefit: Eliminated need for trucks

Emission Reduction Measures Measures that reduce emissions from other sources Source: On-Road Motor Vehicles Reduction Measure: CONRAC Automated People Mover (APM) Benefit: Eliminates need for shuttle buses to rent-a-car facilities

Emission Reduction Measures Measures that reduce emissions from other sources Source: On-Road Motor Vehicles Reduction Measure: “Pay On Foot” for Parking Benefit: Reduces vehicle dwell/idle time at parking lot/deck exits

Questions?