Lutetia moon search data WFPC2 F606W and F450W filters Use only long ( s) exp Orbital stability zone fits on PC chip (excluding WF chips) Combine distorted PC frames (no resampling due to distortion correction) to reject cosmic rays and star trails Make unsharp-masked version of clean images to enhance candidate satellites Implant fake moons, detect with software (starfind, Monte Carlo) and eyeballs (sanity check) Discoveries…and/or field-flattener ghosts (Krist, 1995, Calibrating HST Workshop)! Limiting magnitudes
Frames combined for each epoch epoch 03 ub9h0303mF606W1.6E :21: E ub9h0304mF606W1.6E :25: E ub9h0305mF606W1.6E :29: E ub9h0306mF606W1.6E :33: E ub9h030amF606W1.6E :46: E ub9h030bmF606W1.6E :50: E ub9h030cmF606W1.6E :54: E epoch 04 ub9h0403mF606W1.6E :56: E ub9h0404mF606W1.6E :00: E ub9h0405mF606W1.6E :04: E ub9h0406mF606W1.6E :08: E ub9h040amF606W1.6E :22: E ub9h040bmF606W1.6E :26: E ub9h040cmF606W1.6E :30: E epoch 13 ub9h1304m F450W 1.4E :35: E ub9h1305m F450W 1.4E :39: E ub9h1308m F450W 1.4E :50: E ub9h1309m F450W 1.4E :54: E epoch 14 ub9h1404m F450W 1.4E :35: E ub9h1405m F450W 1.4E :39: E ub9h1408m F450W 1.4E :50: E ub9h1409m F450W 1.4E :54: E
WFPC2 chips Lutetia on PC chip
Single PC frame with cosmic rays
Clean (median-filtered) combination of multiple frames in epoch Field-flattener ghost
Clean image implanted with fake moons
Clean image with unsharp masking to enhance faint objects
Data quality flags for single PC frame, to rule out detector artifacts
Clean implanted image with fake moons identified (blue boxes) The “truth” image
Clean implanted image with detections by software (red boxes) Some spurious detections and missed objects. But with software and eyeballs, can define detection radii (green circle). Can iterate to make pixel-to-pixel map (Monte Carlo)