British Empire in America: Growth and Conflict ( )

I. Mercantilism 1. Possession of colonies 1. The colonies get the raw materials  ship them back to England  England makes finished products  ships them back to the colonies to sell!! 2. Tariffs 3. Monopolies

II. Charles II 1. Came to the throne Increase British trade 3. Navigation Acts of 1660 & Products from the colonies could only be shipped to England 2. All goods  must go through England first

Charles (cont’d) 4. Edmund Randolph 1. Chief British customs official 2. “Reduce Massachusetts to obedience” —Mass. Bay Colony placed under British control 6. Dominion of New England-revoked the charters of all the colonies from NJ to Maine. 1. Strict British control

III. Bacon’s Rebellion 1. Nathaniel Bacon—opposed VA Royal Governor William Berkeley 2. Dispute over policy toward Native Americans 3. Bacon and his followers took control of the colony; burned the city of Jamestown 4. Ended October 1676—Bacon and many of his followers died of dysentery

Bacon’s Rebellion (cont’d) 5. Results of the Rebellion: 1. Limitation of the power of the royal governor by the VA gentry 2. Increase in slave trade ***Some of Bacon’s supporters were former indentured servants; the leaders of VA believed African slaves would be much more docile.

IV. African Slavery in the Americas 1. Tobacco cultivation needed large numbers of workers 2. Fewer and fewer English wanted to become indentured servants 3. First African slaves entered VA in 1619

African Slavery (cont’d) 4. Triangular Trade 1. Finished products from Europe  Africa and the Americas 2. Raw materials from the colonies  Europe 3. Slaves from Africa  America ***The shipping of slaves from Africa to America became known as the Middle Passage

Middle Passage 1. Disease and death 2. Africans were kept in chains under the decks 3. About 20% of all Africans died before reaching the Americas

African Slavery (cont’d) 1. Until the 1730s, most slaves worked on small farms 2. Slave culture slowly developed 1. Combined elements of African, European, and local traditions. 3. Methods of Resistance: 1. Broken tools 2. Stolen supplies 3. Imagined illnesses

African Slavery (cont’d) 1. Harshest in South Carolina 2. Overworked and illnesses. 3. Slave owners had fear of revolts. 4. Stono Rebellion—Charleston, S.C., Nearly 100 slaves killed several plantation owners. 2. They were then captured, and executed 3. Effect: slaves were treated more harshly then ever before.

V. Continued Unrest in New England 1. Glorious Revolution 1. Removed King James II 2. William of Orange and Mary 3. Colonists: Better treatment? 4. Mass.  royal colony, with a governor appointed by the crown

VI. Salem Witch Trials Tensions developed between Puritan ideals vs. trade and commerce —large group of women accused of strange behavior. 3. By August 1692, hundreds were jailed; 19 people (18 women) executed. 4. Significance: The trials demonstrated the social clashes 1. Accusers: older farmer communities. 2. Accused: part of the newer “secular” class.

VII. Wars in Europe and Their Impact on the Colonies 1. England vs. France—who would be dominant? 2. King William’s War— New England & Iroquois vs. French & Algonquian allies 2. French destroyed British settlement in Schenectady, NY 3. British captured Port Royal (present day Nova Scotia)

King William’s War (cont’d) 3. Results: 1. Treaty of Rysewick: 2. Reaffirmed prewar colonial boundaries 3. French maintained control over half of Santo Domingo (now Haiti)

4. Queen Anne’s War— British vs. France/Spanish 2. British attacked St. Augustine, FL 1. Armed the Indians there, who attacked Spanish missions in Pensacola 3. French and Indian allies attack Deerfield, MA.

Queen Anne’s War 5. Results: 1. Neither side claimed conclusive victory 2. Treaty of Utrecht 1. France gave Newfoundland, Acadia (Nova Scotia) Hudson Bay territory Hudson Bay territory 2. Use of the Great Lakes region to the British Heightened Anglo-Americans sense of British identity; made them feel dependent on the mother country Heightened Anglo-Americans sense of British identity; made them feel dependent on the mother country

VIII.The Era of “Salutary Neglect” 1. British policies: 1. Defend British territory at home and abroad 2. Strengthen British economy and trade ***Strict control of political affairs in the colonies was NOT a priority in this area 3. Appointed officials were: 1. Chosen because of political connections, not political skill 2. British politics weakened British political hold in the Americas

“Salutary Neglect” (cont’d) 2. Britain increases their economic control 1. Prohibited the colonists from producing their own: 1. Textiles 2. Hats 3. Iron , Molasses Act—tightened British control over colonial trade 1. Intended to tax sugar & molasses from the French West Indies  make English sugar & molasses cheaper 2. Only angered the colonists, rarely paid, bypassed by illegal trading