RULE #2 THINK Comparatively

The Late Industrialization of Russia and Japan Both have a tradition of “borrowing”. Japan: Transformation without Revolution I. Japan: Transformation without Revolution II. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance II. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance III. Protest and Revolution in Russia III. Protest and Revolution in Russia

Japan Learns a Lesson! I n 1862, just before the start of the Meiji period, Tokugawa sent officials and scholars to China to study the situation there. A Japanese recorded in his diary from Shanghai… The Chinese have become servants to the foreigners. Sovereignty may belong to China but in fact it's no more than a colony of Great Britain and France.

China’s “Unequal Treaties”  After the Opium War of , Japan was convinced that it had to Open Up to the West.

I. Japan- Reform Without Revolution Tokugawa Shogunate – Thrives until the 1850s – Economy slows afterward Commodore Perry (USA) – 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa Conflicts between Daimyos and Shogunate over Isolation Restoration of Imperial dominance 1868 – “Selective Borrowing” – Meiji Reforms

Japan 1889 Political & Economic Re-organization along Western lines 1889 Political & Economic Re-organization along Western lines – Political- State-mandated Industrialization – Ban Feudalism Constitution (the German model) Constitution (the German model) Military (G&E) Military (G&E) – Economic Banks Banks Transportation Transportation Zaibatsu Zaibatsu

Japan IMPERIALISM – Need for Raw materials China Alliance with Britain 1902 War against Russia 1904 Annexation of Korea 1910

Japan becomes obsessed with “Western” styles!

II. Russia A. Russia before Reform Following Napoleon's invasion, 1812 “Decembrist” revolt, 1825 Brutally suppressed by Nicholas I B. Economic and Social Problems: The Peasant Question – Agriculturally medieval – 28% literacy Crimean War ( ) Defeat by industrial powers (Britain & France support O.E.) Defeat by industrial powers (Britain & France support O.E.) Alexander II turns to industrialization Alexander II turns to industrialization – Who will be the laborers in the factories?

II. Russia C. The Reform Era and Early Industrialization C. The Reform Era and Early Industrialization Alexander II Alexander II Reforms of 1860s, 1870s Reforms of 1860s, 1870s 1861, Emancipation of serfs 1861, Emancipation of serfs – Provides labor pool for industry – Agri (already backward) productivity stagnates Industrialization Industrialization Railways Trans-Siberian railway Railways Trans-Siberian railway Pacific reached, 1880s Pacific reached, 1880s Factories, 1880s Factories, 1880s Banking system improved Banking system improved – Western investment sought- France, England, Germany

II. Russia Protest and Revolution in Russia A. The Road to Revolution “Russification” Policy of Government (Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationalism) Intelligentsia Anarchists Fail to win peasant support Brutally Suppressed 1881, Alexander II assassinated; Alexander III New ideas for reform & revolution Marxist socialism Lenin (Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov) and Leninism

III. Russia B. The Revolution of 1905 B. The Revolution of 1905 Expansion continues Expansion continues – “Russification” (forced conformity) – New Slavic nations created – Expansion into Manchuria & Korea Defeat in Russo-Japanese war, Defeat in Russo-Japanese war, Bloody Sunday & Revolution, 1905 Bloody Sunday & Revolution, 1905 C. Duma created (parliament(?)) C. Duma created (parliament(?)) Agrarian reforms Agrarian reforms Widespread discontent and resentment Widespread discontent and resentment