Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Americas on the Eve of Invasion 11

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Americas on the Eve of Invasion I.Postclassic Mesoamerica, C.E. II.Aztec Society in Transition III.Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas IV.The Other Peoples of the Americas

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Americas on the Eve of Invasion

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Postclassic Mesoamerica, C.E. Teotihuacan –Collapses, 700s Toltecs –Empire in central Mexico –Capital at Tula, c. 968

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Toltec Heritage Rule extended to Yucatan, Maya lands, c Commercial influence to American Southwest –Possibly Mississippi, Ohio valleys

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Aztec Rise to Power Toltec collapse, c –Caused by northern nomads? Center moves to Mexico valley –Lakes used for fishing, farming, transportation Aztecs in, early 14th century –Begin as mercenaries, allies –1325, found Tenochtitlan –Dominate by 1434

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Central Mexico and Lake Texcoco

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Aztec Social Contract Transformation to hierarchical society Service of gods pre-eminent –Sacrifice increased –Source of political power Moctezuma II –Head of state and religion

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and the Ideology of Conquest Spiritual and natural world seamless –Hundreds of deities –Three groups  Fertility, agriculture, water  Creator gods  Warfare, sacrifice e.g. Huitzilopochtli –Aztec tribal god –Identified with sun god

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and the Ideology of Conquest Sacrifice –Motivated by religion or terror? Cyclical view of history

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Feeding the People: The Economy of the Empire Agriculture –Chinampas, man-made floating islands  High yield –Farming organized by clans Markets –Daily market at Tlatelolco  Controlled by pochteca, merchant class –Regulated by state

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Aztec Society in Transition Society increasingly hierarchical

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Widening Social Gulf Calpulli –Transformed from clans to groupings by residence –Distribute land, labor –Maintain temples, schools –Basis of military organization Noble class develops from some calpulli –Military virtues give them status –Serf-like workers on their lands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Widening Social Gulf Social gaps widen –Imperial family at head of pipiltin Calpulli of merchants

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Overcoming Technological Constraints Women have various roles –Can own property –No public roles Elite polygamy –Most monogamous

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Tribute Empire Speaker –One rules each city-state Great Speaker –Rules Tenochtitlan –Prime Minister powerful Subjugated states could remain autonomous –Owe tribute, labor

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Twantinsuyu: World of the Incas Tihuanaco, Huari (c C.E. ) –After 1000, smaller regional states Chimor ( ) –North coast of Peru

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Inca Rise to Power Cuzco area –Quechua-speaking clans (ayllus) –Huari –Control regions by 1438, under Pachacuti Topac Yupanqui –Son of Pachacuti –Conquered Chimor –Rule extended to Ecuador, Chile

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Inca Rise to Power Huayna Capac –Furthers conquests of Topac Yupanqui –1527, death  Twantinsuyu (empire) From Colombia to Chile To Bolivia, Argentina

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Inca Expansion

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert City of Chan-Chan

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Conquest and Religion "Split inheritance" –Power to successor –Wealth, land to male descendants –Result is continual conquest

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Conquest and Religion Religion –Sun god supreme  Represented by ruler (Inca)  Temple of the Sun at Cuzco –Local gods survive  Huacas

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Techniques of Inca Imperial Rule Inca –Rules from Cuzco –Governors of four provinces –Bureaucracy –Local rulers (curacas) Unification –Quechua –Forced transfers

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Techniques of Inca Imperial Rule Military –System of roads, way stations (tambos), storehouses State –Redistributive economy –Building, irrigation projects

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Techniques of Inca Imperial Rule Gender cooperation –Ideology of complementarity of sexes –Also seen in cosmology  Inca's senior wife links state to moon

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Ancient Cities of Peru

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Inca Cultural Achievements Metallurgy Knotted strings (quipu) –Accounting Monumental architecture

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Comparing Incas and Aztecs Similarities –Built on earlier empires –Excellent organizers –Intensive agriculture under state control –Redistributive economy –Kinship transformed to hierarchy –Ethnic groups allowed to survive

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Comparing Incas and Aztecs Differences –Aztecs have better developed trade, markets

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Other Peoples of the Americas Great variety elsewhere –Not all in the Neolithic pattern  Some use irrigation for agriculture Formed no states

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert How Many People? Larger densities in Mesoamerica, Andes

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Differing Cultural Patterns Caribbean islands –Some similar to Polynesian societies c –200 languages in North America –Mississipian mounds abandoned –Anasazi descendants along Rio Grande

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert American Indian Diversity in World Context Two great imperial systems by 1500 –Mesoamerica and the Andes weakened –Technologically behind Europeans

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Population Estimate for the Western Hemisphere, 1492

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert World Population, c. 1500

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: The Americas and the World Comparison with Afro-Eurasia –Highlights connectedness of Afro-Eurasia –Americas isolated  High achievement  Success of systems  But isolation has dire consequences following contact with the rest of the world in the 1400s