AP Biology 2013

 Also called phosphorylation  ATP hydrolysis is when an inorganic phosphate breaks off ATP  Forms ADP  Requires water  Does take a small amount of energy to take the P off, but more energy is transferred as hydrogen and oxygen atoms from water bind to ADP and P releasing free energy!

 Oxidation because AH lost a hydrogen  Reduction because NAD+ gained a hydrogen  Oxidation because NADH lost a hydrogen  Reduction because B gained a hydrogen

 Most reduced is Propane  Lowest free energy is Propanoic acid  Most oxidized state is propanoic acid  Highest free energy is propane

 Facilitates movement of protons across cell membrane  Creates concentration gradient along inner membrane due to high concentration of protons outside matrix  Does not create energy, it sets up a bank of stored potential energy  Couples movement of protons back down the conc. Gradient and binding ADP and PO4 forming ATP  Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane

 6 molecules of ATP must be hydrolyzed to start the process  30 molecules of NADH are produced  6 molecules of FADH2 are produced  18 molecules of ATP are produced via substrate phosphorylation (12 in glycolysis and 6 in Krebs)  18 molecules of water are produced in ETS  18 molecules of CO2 are released from the process

 Alcoholic fermentation produced smaller carbon compounds compared to lactic acid fermentation  Pyruvate converts to acetaldehyde and then is reduced to ethanol.  It uses enzymes at both steps  Two molecules of CO2 and 2 ATP are produced in this anaerobic pathway

 Lipids  Broken down into glycerol and fatty acids  Glycerol is then converted to an intermediate in glycolysis; Fatty Acids are converted to acetyl CoA which then enters the Kreb’s cycle  Proteins  Broken down into amino acids  Amino group is removed and then fed into glycolysis/Kreb’s cycle at different points. (depends on the amino acid)  EX. Glutamate is converted to alpha- keto glutarate

 Absorbs light at 680 nm  Passes electrons to the ETS  Produces ATP  Oxidizes water into oxygen, hydrogen and electrons  Absorbs light at 700 nm  Passes electrons to NADP+  make NADPH

 Carbon Fixation  Adds the 1 carbon CO2 to RuBP  Produces a 6C molecule that immediately splits into 2 PGA  Slow rubisco is needed  Reduction and Sugar Production  Phosphorylation occurs  ATP and NADPH are needed  Product is G3P

 Regeneration of RuBP  Most of G3P ends up as RuMP, so ATP is used to convert this to RuBP

 50% of protein in leaves of plants is composed of Rubisco  Enzyme responsible for the 1 st major step in carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle  Without rubisco, CO2 cannot be converted to glucose  It catalyzes the reaction of CO2 and RuBP to form 3PG, which is necessary for next step

 Nathan is correct.  Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration rely upon one another, with the molecules necessary for one reaction coming from the end products of the opposite reaction.  Plant life could not exist without both photosynthesis and cellular respiration