Freshwater

Watershed Total land area that drains surface water to a common point. Overland Flow Evaporation / Transpiration Aquifers/ groundwater Soil Water Streams Rivers Lakes Wetlands Streams Rivers Lakes Wetlands

Distribution of Water Water source Percent of fresh water Percent of total water Oceans, Seas, & Bays Ice caps, Glaciers, & Permafrost Groundwater Lakes Soil Moisture Atmosphere Wetlands, Swamps Rivers Biological Water Source: USGS

¾ of fresh water on earth exists as ice South pole – 2 miles deep North pole – 15 feet deep Melting = 200 ft sea level increase ft + 45 ft

Available Freshwater Groundwater Lakes Soils Wetlands Rivers 0.775% 0.8%

Location, Location 6 countries possess half of the world’s total renewable freshwater supplies. Brazil Colombia Russia Canada Indonesia China

Water Availability and Location Greenland: 8 million gallons/person/day Alaska: 1 million gallons/person/day Congo: 130,000 gallons/person/day South America: 3 of the 10 largest rivers Gaza: 37 gallons/person/day Australia is the driest continent, but has small population Asia has 2/3 of world population, but 1/3 renewable water 25% of fresh river water 5% of world population

Water Demand

The three major factors causing increasing water demand over the past century population growth industrial development expansion of irrigated agriculture. Agriculture accounted for most freshwater withdrawal in developing economies in the past two decades

Population expected to grow to 9.3 billion by billion people will be “water scarce” (UNFPA, 2002)

Industrial Development 22% of world water use Consumptive vs. Non-consumptive: impact on water quality High income30%59% Middle income74%13% Low income87% 8% Agriculture Industry Industrial use in China is expected to increase 5-fold

Agricultural Production Irrigated land expected to expand by 23% in 25 years 70% of water used Food production has grown with population Crop Varieties Fertilizers

Irrigation for crops uses percent of fresh supplies It takes over 528 gallons of water to produce enough food for one person for one day Industry uses percent of available freshwater steel, computers, and raw materials for industrial products annual industrial water use in China could grow from 52 billion tons to 269 billion tons (5X) within the next two decades Personal use accounts for about ten percent of water use each person needs between 2 -3 gallons of water a day for drinking, food preparation, and cooking average consumption per person is five gallons a day (WHO, UNICEF), but in the U.S., Canada, and Western Europe the total consumption rises dramatically (>50 gal/day) Over the past 30 years, the area of land under irrigation has increased by about 30%. Overall Consumption

Supply and Demand

Turning to Groundwater Use 50% of the world’s drinking water 40% of industrial water 20% of agricultural water Local, On-demand Availability, Drought Resistance, Good Quality Heavy investment in groundwater exploration 1.2 billion urban citizens worldwide depend on groundwater

India China Pakistan ½ the world’s total agricultural groundwater use In India, 80% of domestic supply and 70% of agricultural supply is from groundwater Fastest growing countries

Shallow sand, grave, rock North China Plain

½ China’s wheat, 1/3 corn Aquifer Levels dropping 3 ft/year Shift to Deep fossil aquifer (non-renewable) Agricultural well depths can exceed 1000 feet ($) Municipal well depths can exceed 3000 feet Shallow aquifer largely depleted (renewable) China’s grain production has fallen from its historical peak of 392 million tons in 1998 to an estimated 358 million tons in 2005 (34 million tons-8%) China largely covered the drop-off in production by drawing down its once vast stocks until 2004, at which point it imported 7 million tons of grain. 99,900 wells were abandoned

India 21 million wells water table is falling by 6 meters (20 feet) per year falling water tables have dried up 95 percent of the wells owned by small farmers drilling 1000m to reach water agriculture is rain-fed and drinking water is trucked in Population 1,132,446,000 Pakistan is growing by 3 million people per year In the Punjab plain, the drop in water tables appears to be similar to that in India. In the province of Baluchistan, water tables are falling by 3.5 meters per year. within 15 years Quetta will run out of water if the current consumption rate continues Pakistan Quetta Punjab

Cenomanian-Turonian Mountain Aquifer recharged from the West Bank highly permeable Coastal Aquifer Width between 3 and 20 km chief resource of water for Gaza depth to groundwater 60 m to 8 m Israel Gaza has the lowest per capital water availability in the world. Besor Negev

sites lack infrastructure and mitigation measures

1984 Saudi national survey reported fossil water reserves at 462 billion tons ½ has been depleted irrigated agriculture could last for another decade or two al-Disi aquifer Sandstone aquifer not subject to recharge Saudi Arabia Partly in Jordan Wheat on 2.5 million acres of desert

The Sahara: Libya 1953 “fossil” water Nubian Sandstone Aquifer world's largest fossil-water reserve located near the center of the world's largest continuous stretch of desert two million square kilometers equivalent to the flow of 200 years of water in the Nile River

The Great Man-made River Project the largest underground network of pipes in the world 1300 wellsmore than 500 m deepm 6,500,000 m³ water/day Tripoli, Benghazi, Sirt

4 major basins 20,000km³ 10,000km³ 4,800km³ The Great Man-Made River Project Water is 1/10 cost Of desalinization

United States

3,618,77079, % Land (mi 2 ) Water (mi 2 ) % water Rhode Island1, % Florida 65,975 11, % North Carolina, Maine, Louisiana, Minnesota, Massachusetts Driest? New Mexico 121, % Arizona 114, % West Virginia 24, % Wettest

Texas California Idaho Illinois California Texas Nebraska Arkansas Surface water 79% Groundwater 21%

Groundwater Surface water #1 irrigation #2 public Supply #1 power generation #2 irrigation Groundwater and Surface Water Use

Surface Water Groundwater

Ogallala Aquifer ¾ of wheat traded on the world market 1930s600 wells 1970s 200,000 wells Water tables have fallen By up to 100 ft Slowly replenished: Pumping has declined by ½; new wells banned

irrigated Below is a link for a story on NPR

Surface water 79% of withdrawals Ground water 21% of withdrawals #1 use of groundwater is for irrigation #1 use of surface water is for power generation Both ground and surface water withdrawals peaked in 1980 Texas uses the greatest amount of surface water California uses the greatest amount of groundwater Summary

Next: Factors in Water Quality End Lecture 12

Florida

20 Bgal/d Withdrawn

Florida’s Water 1700 rivers and streams (Feet to miles wide) One of the most productive Aquifer systems in the world 27 of 78 1 st magnitude (100 ft 3 /sec) springs nationally

The Past 8 million acres >100 miles ¼ mile per day Too much water The Everglades 35,000 people in 1830

"The first and most abiding impression is the utter worthlessness to civilized man, in its present condition, of the entire region." Buckingham Smith 1835 First Survey In 1850, the Swamplands Act Passed South Florida and the Everglades 50,000 acres were drained by 1881

EAA Historic Current

The Present 16 million people withdrawing 20 billion gallons/day Almost 30 M by 2030

A/C: 1950s first mosquito control district: 1922 DDT introduced: 1949 Bureau of entomology: 1953 Population doubled between 1950 and 1970 Changes

38% surface 62% ground 43% Public Supply 39% Agriculture 8.5% Industrial/Commercial 4.5% Recreation Irrigation 4.0% Domestic Self-supply 62% Agriculture 20% Power 8% Public Supply 6% Recreation Irrigation 4% Industrial/Commercial Withdrawals

Florida # 11 in agricultural water use in the U.S. # 1 in agricultural water use in the East Marion County has the greatest withdrawal for public self supply. Greatest freshwater withdrawal: Palm Beach County Greatest groundwater withdrawal: Miami-Dade ½ of all agricultural self-supplied water withdrawal: Palm Beach Hendry St. Lucie Indian River

yield estimated at 60 million gallons per day (mgd). The regional reservoir will cover about 1,100 acres and provide storage for approximately 15 billion gallons. Desalinization Reservoirs The Future Tampa’s Reverse Osmosis plant Aquifer Storage and Recovery

St. Petersburg Dual Distribution System – Highly treated reclaimed water is made available in a separate piping system for landscape irrigation, including the irrigation of more than 9,992 residential lawns, 61 schools, 111 parks, and 6 golf courses. This is one of the most widely known reuse systems in the world. The system has been in operation since An average of about 17.7 mgd of reclaimed water was reused in 2003 to irrigate the spring training grounds of a major league baseball team, and in cooling towers at the Tropicana Dome. Reclaimed Water

Gainesville -- The City makes extensive use of reclaimed water from the 10-mgd Kanapaha treatment facility. In the Southwest Reuse Project, reclaimed water is used to irrigate residential lawns, golf courses, parks, and other landscaped areas. Reclaimed water is used for irrigation and in water features at the Kanapaha Botanical Gardens. In addition, reclaimed water meeting drinking water standards recharges the Floridan Aquifer via deep wells. Approximately 2.2 mgd is used to irrigate golf courses, residential areas, and botanical gardens while 7.9 mgd of reclaimed water is used to recharge the ground water.

Reedy Creek Utilities -- This utility provides reclaimed water for irrigation of landscaped areas within the Walt Disney World Resort Complex. Tallahassee Spray Irrigation System -- Florida’s capital city irrigates over 2,200 acres with reclaimed water. Corn, soybeans, coastal Bermuda grass, and other feed and fodder crops are grown. Orlando Wetlands -- Orlando created a 1,640-acre wetlands system using reclaimed water from the Iron Bridge advanced wastewater treatment facility.

Pipelines? Florida water managers are considering tapping rivers and lakes to quench the thirst of a growing populace. A plan to pipe water from the Ocklawaha and St. Johns rivers and other water bodies to Central Florida communities is moving forward. The project could cost as much as $1.2 billion and pipe up to 262 million gallons a day to three dozen utilities including those serving Leesburg, Orlando and The Villages. Conservation advocates say the plan defies the spirit of a state law requiring communities to use local water sources before turning elsewhere. They fear the plan is a prelude to water being pumped from the Santa Fe and Suwannee rivers to satisfy the explosive growth of southern Florida cities.