6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-1 Chapter 6 Wireless and Mobile Networks A note on the use of these ppt slides: We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following:  If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) in substantially unaltered form, that you mention their source (after all, we’d like people to use our book!)  If you post any slides in substantially unaltered form on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material. Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR All material copyright J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach 5 th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, April 2009.

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-2 Chapter 6: Wireless and Mobile Networks Background: r # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers! r computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet access r two important (but different) challenges m wireless: communication over wireless link m mobility: handling the mobile user who changes point of attachment to network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-3 Chapter 6 outline 6.1 Introduction Wireless r 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics m CDMA r 6.3 IEEE wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) r 6.4 Cellular Internet Access m architecture m standards (e.g., GSM) Mobility r 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users r 6.6 Mobile IP r 6.7 Handling mobility in cellular networks r 6.8 Mobility and higher- layer protocols 6.9 Summary

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-4 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless hosts r laptop, PDA, IP phone r run applications r may be stationary (non-mobile) or mobile m wireless does not always mean mobility

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-5 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure base station r typically connected to wired network r relay - responsible for sending packets between wired network and wireless host(s) in its “area” m e.g., cell towers, access points

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-6 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure wireless link r typically used to connect mobile(s) to base station r also used as backbone link r multiple access protocol coordinates link access r various data rates, transmission distance

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-7 Characteristics of selected wireless link standards Indoor 10-30m Outdoor m Mid-range outdoor 200m – 4 Km Long-range outdoor 5Km – 20 Km IS-95, CDMA, GSM 2G UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000 3G b a,g UMTS/WCDMA-HSPDA, CDMA2000-1xEVDO 3G cellular enhanced (WiMAX) a,g point-to-point n Data rate (Mbps) data

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-8 Elements of a wireless network network infrastructure infrastructure mode r base station connects mobiles into wired network r handoff: mobile changes base station providing connection into wired network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-9 Elements of a wireless network ad hoc mode r no base stations r nodes can only transmit to other nodes within link coverage r nodes organize themselves into a network: route among themselves

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-10 Wireless network taxonomy single hop multiple hops infrastructure (e.g., APs) no infrastructure host connects to base station (WiFi, WiMAX, cellular) which connects to larger Internet no base station, no connection to larger Internet (Bluetooth, ad hoc nets) host may have to relay through several wireless nodes to connect to larger Internet: mesh net no base station, no connection to larger Internet. May have to relay to reach other a given wireless node MANET, VANET

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-11 Wireless Link Characteristics (1) Differences from wired link …. m decreased signal strength: radio signal attenuates as it propagates through matter (path loss) m interference from other sources: standardized wireless network frequencies (e.g., 2.4 GHz) shared by other devices (e.g., phone); devices (motors) interfere as well m multipath propagation: radio signal reflects off objects ground, arriving ad destination at slightly different times …. make communication across (even a point to point) wireless link much more “difficult”

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-12 Wireless Link Characteristics (2) r SNR: signal-to-noise ratio m larger SNR – easier to extract signal from noise (a “good thing”) r SNR versus BER tradeoffs m given physical layer: increase power -> increase SNR->decrease BER m given SNR: choose physical layer that meets BER requirement, giving highest thruput SNR may change with mobility: dynamically adapt physical layer (modulation technique, rate) QAM256 (8 Mbps) QAM16 (4 Mbps) BPSK (1 Mbps) SNR(dB) BER

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-13 Wireless network characteristics Multiple wireless senders and receivers create additional problems (beyond multiple access): A B C Hidden terminal problem r B, A hear each other r B, C hear each other r A, C can not hear each other means A, C unaware of their interference at B A B C A’s signal strength space C’s signal strength Signal attenuation: r B, A hear each other r B, C hear each other r A, C can not hear each other interfering at B

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-14 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) r used in several wireless broadcast channels (cellular, satellite, etc) standards r unique “code” assigned to each user; i.e., code set partitioning r all users share same frequency, but each user has own “chipping” sequence (i.e., code) to encode data r encoded signal = (original data) X (chipping sequence) r decoding: inner-product of encoded signal and chipping sequence r allows multiple users to “coexist” and transmit simultaneously with minimal interference (if codes are “orthogonal”)

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-15 CDMA Encode/Decode slot 1 slot 0 d 1 = Z i,m = d i. c m d 0 = slot 0 channel output slot 1 channel output channel output Z i,m sender code data bits slot 1 slot 0 d 1 = -1 d 0 = slot 0 channel output slot 1 channel output receiver code received input D i =  Z i,m. c m m=1 M M

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-16 CDMA: two-sender interference

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-17 Chapter 6 outline 6.1 Introduction Wireless r 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics m CDMA r 6.3 IEEE wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) r 6.4 cellular Internet access m architecture m standards (e.g., GSM) Mobility r 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users r 6.6 Mobile IP r 6.7 Handling mobility in cellular networks r 6.8 Mobility and higher- layer protocols 6.9 Summary

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-18 IEEE Wireless LAN r b m GHz unlicensed spectrum m up to 11 Mbps m direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) in physical layer all hosts use same chipping code r a m GHz range m up to 54 Mbps r g m GHz range m up to 54 Mbps r n: multiple antennae m GHz range m up to 200 Mbps r all use CSMA/CA for multiple access r all have base-station and ad-hoc network versions

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks LAN architecture r wireless host communicates with base station m base station = access point (AP) r Basic Service Set (BSS) (aka “cell”) in infrastructure mode contains: m wireless hosts m access point (AP): base station m ad hoc mode: hosts only BSS 1 BSS 2 Internet hub, switch or router AP

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks : Channels, association r b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11 channels at different frequencies m AP admin chooses frequency for AP m interference possible: channel can be same as that chosen by neighboring AP! r host: must associate with an AP m scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing AP’s name (SSID) and MAC address m selects AP to associate with m may perform authentication m will typically run DHCP to get IP address in AP’s subnet

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks : passive/active scanning AP 2 AP 1 H1 BBS 2 BBS Active Scanning : (1)Probe Request frame broadcast from H1 (2)Probes response frame sent from APs (3)Association Request frame sent: H1 to selected AP (4)Association Response frame sent: H1 to selected AP AP 2 AP 1 H1 BBS 2 BBS Passive Scanning: (1)beacon frames sent from APs (2)association Request frame sent: H1 to selected AP (3)association Response frame sent: H1 to selected AP

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-22 IEEE : multiple access r avoid collisions: 2 + nodes transmitting at same time r : CSMA - sense before transmitting m don’t collide with ongoing transmission by other node r : no collision detection! m difficult to receive (sense collisions) when transmitting due to weak received signals (fading) m can’t sense all collisions in any case: hidden terminal, fading m goal: avoid collisions: CSMA/C(ollision)A(voidance) A B C A B C A’s signal strength space C’s signal strength

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-23 IEEE MAC Protocol: CSMA/CA sender 1 if sense channel idle for DIFS then transmit entire frame (no CD) 2 if sense channel busy then start random backoff time timer counts down while channel idle transmit when timer expires if no ACK, increase random backoff interval, repeat receiver - if frame received OK return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due to hidden terminal problem) sender receiver DIFS data SIFS ACK

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-24 Avoiding collisions (more) idea: allow sender to “reserve” channel rather than random access of data frames: avoid collisions of long data frames r sender first transmits small request-to-send (RTS) packets to BS using CSMA m RTSs may still collide with each other (but they’re short) r BS broadcasts clear-to-send CTS in response to RTS r CTS heard by all nodes m sender transmits data frame m other stations defer transmissions avoid data frame collisions completely using small reservation packets!

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-25 Collision Avoidance: RTS-CTS exchange AP A B time RTS(A) RTS(B) RTS(A) CTS(A) DATA (A) ACK(A) reservation collision defer

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-26 frame control duration address 1 address 2 address 4 address 3 payloadCRC seq control frame: addressing Address 2: MAC address of wireless host or AP transmitting this frame Address 1: MAC address of wireless host or AP to receive this frame Address 3: MAC address of router interface to which AP is attached Address 4: used only in ad hoc mode

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-27 Internet router AP H1 R1 AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr address 1 address 2 address frame R1 MAC addr H1 MAC addr dest. address source address frame frame: addressing

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-28 frame control duration address 1 address 2 address 4 address 3 payloadCRC seq control Type From AP Subtype To AP More frag WEP More data Power mgt RetryRsvd Protocol version frame: more duration of reserved transmission time (RTS/CTS) frame seq # (for RDT) frame type (RTS, CTS, ACK, data)

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-29 hub or switch AP 2 AP 1 H1 BBS 2 BBS : mobility within same subnet router r H1 remains in same IP subnet: IP address can remain same r switch: which AP is associated with H1? m self-learning (Ch. 5): switch will see frame from H1 and “remember” which switch port can be used to reach H1

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks : advanced capabilities Rate Adaptation r base station, mobile dynamically change transmission rate (physical layer modulation technique) as mobile moves, SNR varies QAM256 (8 Mbps) QAM16 (4 Mbps) BPSK (1 Mbps) SNR(dB) BER operating point 1. SNR decreases, BER increase as node moves away from base station 2. When BER becomes too high, switch to lower transmission rate but with lower BER

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks : advanced capabilities Power Management r node-to-AP: “I am going to sleep until next beacon frame” m AP knows not to transmit frames to this node m node wakes up before next beacon frame r beacon frame: contains list of mobiles with AP- to-mobile frames waiting to be sent m node will stay awake if AP-to-mobile frames to be sent; otherwise sleep again until next beacon frame

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-32 Chapter 6 outline 6.1 Introduction Wireless r 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics m CDMA r 6.3 IEEE wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) r 6.4 Cellular Internet Access m architecture m standards (e.g., GSM) Mobility r 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users r 6.6 Mobile IP r 6.7 Handling mobility in cellular networks r 6.8 Mobility and higher- layer protocols 6.9 Summary

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-33 What is mobility? r spectrum of mobility, from the network perspective: no mobility high mobility mobile wireless user, using same access point mobile user, passing through multiple access point while maintaining ongoing connections ( like cell phone) mobile user, connecting/ disconnecting from network using DHCP.

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-34 Mobility: Vocabulary home network: permanent “home” of mobile (e.g., /24) Permanent address: address in home network, can always be used to reach mobile e.g., home agent: entity that will perform mobility functions on behalf of mobile, when mobile is remote wide area network correspondent

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-35 Mobility: more vocabulary Care-of-address: address in visited network. (e.g., 79, ) wide area network visited network: network in which mobile currently resides (e.g., /24) Permanent address: remains constant ( e.g., ) foreign agent: entity in visited network that performs mobility functions on behalf of mobile. correspondent: wants to communicate with mobile

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-36 How do you contact a mobile friend: r search all phone books? r call her parents? r expect her to let you know where he/she is? I wonder where Alice moved to? Consider friend frequently changing addresses, how do you find her?

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-37 Mobility: approaches r Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange. m routing tables indicate where each mobile located m no changes to end-systems r Let end-systems handle it: m indirect routing: communication from correspondent to mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to remote m direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of mobile, sends directly to mobile

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-38 Mobility: approaches r Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual routing table exchange. m routing tables indicate where each mobile located m no changes to end-systems r let end-systems handle it: m indirect routing: communication from correspondent to mobile goes through home agent, then forwarded to remote m direct routing: correspondent gets foreign address of mobile, sends directly to mobile not scalable to millions of mobiles

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-39 Mobility: registration End result: r Foreign agent knows about mobile r Home agent knows location of mobile wide area network home network visited network 1 mobile contacts foreign agent on entering visited network 2 foreign agent contacts home agent home: “this mobile is resident in my network”

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-40 Mobility via Indirect Routing wide area network home network visited network correspondent addresses packets using home address of mobile home agent intercepts packets, forwards to foreign agent foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile mobile replies directly to correspondent

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-41 Indirect Routing: comments r Mobile uses two addresses: m permanent address: used by correspondent (hence mobile location is transparent to correspondent) m care-of-address: used by home agent to forward datagrams to mobile r foreign agent functions may be done by mobile itself r triangle routing: correspondent-home-network- mobile m inefficient when correspondent, mobile are in same network

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-42 Indirect Routing: moving between networks r suppose mobile user moves to another network m registers with new foreign agent m new foreign agent registers with home agent m home agent update care-of-address for mobile m packets continue to be forwarded to mobile (but with new care-of-address) r mobility, changing foreign networks transparent: on going connections can be maintained!

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-43 Mobility via Direct Routing wide area network home network visited network correspondent requests, receives foreign address of mobile correspondent forwards to foreign agent foreign agent receives packets, forwards to mobile mobile replies directly to correspondent 3

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-44 Mobility via Direct Routing: comments r overcome triangle routing problem r non-transparent to correspondent: correspondent must get care-of-address from home agent m what if mobile changes visited network?

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-45 wide area network 1 foreign net visited at session start anchor foreign agent 2 4 new foreign agent 3 5 correspondent agent correspondent new foreign network Accommodating mobility with direct routing r anchor foreign agent: FA in first visited network r data always routed first to anchor FA r when mobile moves: new FA arranges to have data forwarded from old FA (chaining)

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-46 Chapter 6 outline 6.1 Introduction Wireless r 6.2 Wireless links, characteristics m CDMA r 6.3 IEEE wireless LANs (“wi-fi”) r 6.4 Cellular Internet Access m architecture m standards (e.g., GSM) Mobility r 6.5 Principles: addressing and routing to mobile users r 6.6 Mobile IP r 6.7 Handling mobility in cellular networks r 6.8 Mobility and higher- layer protocols 6.9 Summary

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-47 Mobile IP r RFC 3344 r has many features we’ve seen: m home agents, foreign agents, foreign-agent registration, care-of-addresses, encapsulation (packet-within-a-packet) r three components to standard: m indirect routing of datagrams m agent discovery m registration with home agent

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-48 Mobile IP: indirect routing Permanent address: Care-of address: dest: packet sent by correspondent dest: dest: packet sent by home agent to foreign agent: a packet within a packet dest: foreign-agent-to-mobile packet

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-49 Mobile IP: agent discovery r agent advertisement: foreign/home agents advertise service by broadcasting ICMP messages (typefield = 9) R bit: registration required H,F bits: home and/or foreign agent

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-50 Mobile IP: registration example

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-51 Wireless, mobility: impact on higher layer protocols r logically, impact should be minimal … m best effort service model remains unchanged m TCP and UDP can (and do) run over wireless, mobile r … but performance-wise: m packet loss/delay due to bit-errors (discarded packets, delays for link-layer retransmissions), and handoff m TCP interprets loss as congestion, will decrease congestion window un-necessarily m delay impairments for real-time traffic m limited bandwidth of wireless links

6: Wireless and Mobile Networks 6-52 Chapter 6 Summary Wireless r wireless links: m capacity, distance m channel impairments m CDMA r IEEE (“wi-fi”) m CSMA/CA reflects wireless channel characteristics r cellular access m architecture m standards (e.g., GSM, CDMA-2000, UMTS) Mobility r principles: addressing, routing to mobile users m home, visited networks m direct, indirect routing m care-of-addresses r case studies m mobile IP m mobility in GSM r impact on higher-layer protocols