Atomic Theory “Atom” means uncuttable. It isn’t. --but it is the smallest particle of an element.

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Presentation transcript:

Atomic Theory “Atom” means uncuttable. It isn’t. --but it is the smallest particle of an element

Early models of the atom Classical model “Plum pudding” model Solar system model

You need to know these people Democritus Dalton Rutherford Millikan Thomson Chadwick? Curie

You will need to know the contributions of… Democritus—first used the term “atom” Considered four “elements”: earth, air, fire and water (it could translate as “characteristics”) The physical shape of the “atom” gave substances their physical properties. “Atoms” are not changed in mixtures

You will need to know the contributions of… Dalton—modern atomic theory -all matter is made of atoms -atoms of one element are identical, atoms of different elements are different -atoms form compounds in simple whole number ratios -chemical reactions are rearrangements of atoms, the atoms are not changed -compounds with different ratios of atoms are different compounds

You will need to know the contributions of… Dalton—modern atomic theory -all matter is made of atoms -atoms of one element are identical, atoms of different elements are different -atoms form compounds in simple whole number ratios -chemical reactions are rearrangements of atoms, the atoms are not changed -compounds with different ratios of atoms are different compounds The law of definite proportions The law of multiple proportions

The mass of a proton=1 dalton It’s about the same mass as a neutron (an electron is about 1/1800 th of that mass) ~1.7 x g It’s also called an atomic mass unit (1amu)

You will need to know the contributions of… Rutherford-Gold foil experiment -showed atom is mainly empty space -mass and (+) charge in the center

You will need to know the contributions of… Thomson— cathode “rays” = stream of electrons He calculated the charge/mass ratio of electron

You will need to know the contributions of… Millikan—oil drop experiment determined the charge (& therefore the mass) of an electron

You will need to know the contributions of… Curie— -described radioactive decay of atoms

You will need to know the contributions of… Chadwick— -discovered neutrons Cloud chamber— the straight track shows that it has no charge

K Potassium

K Potassium Atomic Number = number of protons SymbolName Average atomic mass, in amu/atom

Atomic number and mass number Atomic number Atomic mass number # electrons

Atomic number and mass number Atomic number is the number of protons— determines the element Atomic mass number = #protons + #neutrons # electrons = # protons, in an atom

Atomic number and mass number Atomic number is the number of protons— determines the element Atomic mass number = #protons + #neutrons # electrons = # protons, in an atom An atom gains, loses, or shares electrons to form chemical bonds

Protons, neutrons, electrons Name Symbol Mass Charge Location Proton Neutron Electron

Protons, neutrons, electrons Name Symbol Mass Charge Location Proton p 1 amu +1 in nucleus Neutron n 1 amu 0 in nucleus Electron e- 0 amu -1 around nucleus, in electron cloud (about)

NameSymbolAtomic Number Atomic Mass Number # p# n (most likely) # e- Sulfur K 20 17

NameSymbolAtomic Number Atomic Mass Number # p# n (most likely) # e- Sulfur S Potas- sium K Calcium Ca Chlorine Cl

What is an isotope?

“the same”“place”

Isotope (or nuclide) Notation K This is potassium-39 atomic number = protons, making it potassium, 20 neutrons,  mass number of 39

Isotope (or nuclide) Notation K This is potassium-42 atomic number = protons, making it potassium, 23 neutrons,  mass number of 42 K 42 19

What is an isotope? SameDifferent

What is an isotope? SameDifferent ElementMass Atomic numberMass number # protons# neutrons # electrons Radioactivity Ion charge Chemical properties (mostly)

Proton Neutron Electron (A) (B) (C) (D) What is the atomic number and mass number?

Proton Neutron Electron (A) (B) (C) (D) What is the atomic number and mass number? These aren’t atoms!

Proton Neutron Electron (A) (B) (C) (D) Write the nuclide designation

(A) (B) (C) (D) Write the nuclide designation V N Te Sr

\What is the mass number and atomic number? Br Ca Ag Pu He 3 2 Fe

How many p, n, e- in each? Br Ca Ag Pu He 3 2 Fe

Average atomic mass --A weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes

Average atomic mass --A weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes Ex: 99.63% N-14 (mass= amu/atom).37% N-15 (mass= amu/atom)

Average atomic mass --A weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes Ex: 99.63% N-14 (mass= amu/atom).37% N-15 (mass= amu/atom) Avg= (.9963x14.003) +(.0037x15.000)=

Average atomic mass --A weighted average of the naturally occurring isotopes Ex: 99.63% N-14 (mass= amu/atom).37% N-15 (mass= amu/atom) Avg= (.9963x14.003) +(.0037x15.000)= = = amu / atom

Average atomic mass What is the average atomic mass of carbon: 98.89% C-12 ( amu/atom) 1.11% C-13 ( amu/atom)

Average atomic mass What is the average atomic mass of carbon: 98.89% C-12 ( amu/atom) 1.11% C-13 ( amu/atom) amu/atom

How common is S-32? S-32 has a mass of amu/atom S-34 has a mass of amu/atom (less common nuclides are ignored) The average atomic mass of sulfur is amu/atom A) 5%B) 35%C) 65%D) 95%

How common is Cl-37? Cl-35 has a mass of amu/atom Cl-37 has a mass of amu/atom The average atomic mass of chlorine is amu/atom A) 25%B) 50%C) 75%D)100%

The Periodic Table of Elements

Dmitry Mendeleev (Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) Noticed physical and chemical properties repeated every seven elements (by atomic mass) Predicted the discovery of gallium and germanium

The Periodic Table of Elements Dmitry Mendeleev (Дми́трий Ива́нович Менделе́ев) Noticed physical and chemical properties repeated every seven elements (by atomic mass) Predicted the discovery of gallium and germanium

Periodic properties seen by Mendeleev: He predicted the properties of unknown elements, later discovered

The Periodic Table of Elements Know these features: Period Series Group Family Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Transition elements Representative elements Halogens Noble gasses Lanthanide series Actinide series

A period

A series

A group or family

The alkali metals

The alkaline earth metals

Transition elements

Representative elements

The Halogens (salt-makers)

The Noble Gasses

The Periodic Table of Elements Boron Family Carbon Family Nitrogen Family Oxygen Family

The Periodic Table of Elements Actinide series Lanthanide series

The Periodic Table of Elements