Time transfers within households along the lifecycle: a NTA and gender perspective Anne Solaz (Ined) Elena Stancanelli (Paris 1)

Time spend on unpaid work along the lifecycle ANXO D., MENCARINI L., PAILHE A., SOLAZ A, TANTURRI M-L., FLOOD L. 2010, "Gender differences in time-use over the life-course. A comparative analysis of France, Italy, Sweden and the United States ", Feminist Economics vol 17 (3), Gender differences in time-use over the life-course. A comparative analysis of France, Italy, Sweden and the United States Italie Etats-Unis Suède France

Non monetary transfers between generations and sex, invisible for NA, but have an economic value. Same methodology (NTA): National domestic production (spend by household members on domestic work) Production is then allocated to groups (age, sex) who benefit from = National domestic consumption (used by households members) Unit: time in minutes (might be valued in monetary terms) Life-cycle deficit (Age-specific profiles) Adding gender and time use in NTA

Survey design1 daily booklet 5mn1 daily 10mn1 or 2 daily (week+week- end) 10mn Respondents? Max 2, if teenager or parental couple All household members >15 Max 2, Kisk> 11 and possible partner N households N individuals N individuals > N daily booklet (16242 indiv) N complete households Individuals in complete household CommentsSub-representation of complex households 3 French time-use surveys to be compared

Two criterias Not counted in national accounts = unpaid, not linked to a market transaction. Household production= goods and services which have a value. The activity could be done by someone else if you pay (marketable substitute) Identifying Unpaid work

Primary activities (secondary ones are of bad quality) housework Cleaning, laundry, cooking, good and services purchasing, household management And also “half-leisure” activities such as maintenance and repairs, garden care, pet care …to be discussed Childcare : active childcare, including children transport Care for elderly (adult care) Definition of unpaid work

Include all activities that concern home production of the current household Question : What about domestic activities -for other household? other home production -volunteering activities? unpaid work but not home production not always possible to isolate (1999 survey only), very small amount of time except for care for elderly Adultcare might be for adult outside the household Question 1 :Definition of unpaid work

Respondents who filled the daily booklet have a weight Children have no individual weight (but have household weight) « Less worse » solution? - household weights for everybody - average of individual adults weights - Building self weight using census age distributions Question 2: Which weight do we need to use?

Complete households? All members have filled the booklet Advantages : - the equality between C and P is true at the micro-level -total household production might be allocate to different consumers within household Drawback: loose of representativeness (for 2010), reduction of sample size but we can impute for adults who have not filled time diary Question 3: Which households to be kept?

How much time each individual according to age and gender spend on housework production, childcare and adultcare? Remark: child participation to domestic workload highly dependant of survey design (interviewed from 15 in 1985 and 1999, from 11 in 2010 ) Before this age: no activities reported 1. Production

Daily (mn) domestic work production 1985

Daily (mn) domestic work production 1999

Daily (mn) domestic work production 2010

Daily(mn) domestic work production 1985, 1999 and 2010

Gender gap in domestic production

MenWomen Home production by birth cohort

Housework benefit to all household members (cleanness, meals, laundry ) Total domestic time spent by all members divided by number of beneficiers Childcare benefit to all children Total childcare time divided by number of children (<18, less?) …to be discussed Adultcare Not enough on a daily reporting basis in France to allocate it to dependent adults 2. Definition of consumption of housework

Daily(mn) domestic work consumption 1985, 1999 and 2010

3. Lifecycle deficit

MenWomen Lifecycle deficit by cohort and sex

Method 1: On each type of activities (cleaning, laundry, cooking, household maintenance and repair, ….) find an average hourly wage of the similar profession obtained from national employment surveys (ex: nannies wage for childcare). Method 2 : Minimum wage Method 3 : Opportunity cost ( same time = different monetary evaluation) 4. Monetary evaluation of unpaid work

High levels of gender specialization that tend to decrease but slowly, thanks to the decrease in female home production rather than an increase in male home production. Time cost of childbearing is visible. A key period between 30 and 45 for women and to a lesser extend for men, (later than in 80’s because of the delay in parenthood) that corresponds to the middle of carreer and might participate to explain the gender wage gap (Hersch and Stratton, 1994). Birth cohort approach confirm cross-sectionnal approach. It does not predict any change for men participation. Conclusion

Smoothing with stata (different methods)