The Russian Revolution & The End of War Mr. Ermer World History Honors Miami Beach Senior High

Troubles In Russia Russia wasn’t prepared for WWI, total war Russia wasn’t prepared for WWI, total war –Few military leaders, Czar left to plan war –Russian industry cannot keep up with war –Lack of leadership and supplies=death  : 2 million dead, 4-6 million hurt or captured Czar Nicholas II at war, German wife Alexandra left behind to run government Czar Nicholas II at war, German wife Alexandra left behind to run government –Alexandra trusts monk-advisor Grigori Rasputin Liberals and Conservatives unhappy with gov Liberals and Conservatives unhappy with gov –Dec. 1916: Aristocrats assassinate Rasputin

The March Revolution March 8, 1917: Hungry women begin to strike in St. Petersburg (Petrograd) March 8, 1917: Hungry women begin to strike in St. Petersburg (Petrograd) March 10: Factories close, Czar responds March 10: Factories close, Czar responds –Army ordered to shoot at crowds, but don’t Czar dissolves Duma, they meet anyway Czar dissolves Duma, they meet anyway –March 12: Duma names new government –Duma decides to stay in war for honor –Protestors still upset Local soviets—groups of women and soldiers, threaten new government Local soviets—groups of women and soldiers, threaten new government

The Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks are a socialist group from the Russian Social Democrats party The Bolsheviks are a socialist group from the Russian Social Democrats party –Come under leadership of V.I. Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov, who pushes for violent rev – : Travelled Europe, sent back to Russia by German army Works to gain control of the soviets of soldiers, workers and women to take pwr Works to gain control of the soviets of soldiers, workers and women to take pwr “Peace, Land, Bread”; “Worker Control of Production”; “All Power to the Soviets” “Peace, Land, Bread”; “Worker Control of Production”; “All Power to the Soviets”

The Bolshevik Revolution Oct 1917: Bolsheviks control Moscow & Petrograd soviets Oct 1917: Bolsheviks control Moscow & Petrograd soviets November: Bolsheviks take control of the Winter Palace, seat of provisional govt November: Bolsheviks take control of the Winter Palace, seat of provisional govt Lenin “gives power” to soviets, but really keeps most power as leader of the Council of People’s Commissars Lenin “gives power” to soviets, but really keeps most power as leader of the Council of People’s Commissars March 3, 1918: Because he promised peace, Lenin signs treaty with Germany; Russia gives up much land March 3, 1918: Because he promised peace, Lenin signs treaty with Germany; Russia gives up much land

Civil War Exit from war does not bring peace Exit from war does not bring peace Bolsheviks rename themselves Communists Bolsheviks rename themselves Communists Czarists, liberals, non-Communist socialists are joined by the Allied Powers Czarists, liberals, non-Communist socialists are joined by the Allied Powers Allies want Russia back in war, aid others Allies want Russia back in war, aid others Communist (Red) Army fights against foes from Siberia, Ukraine, Baltics (White) Army Communist (Red) Army fights against foes from Siberia, Ukraine, Baltics (White) Army Communists conquer Georgia, Azerbaijan, northern Armenia Communists conquer Georgia, Azerbaijan, northern Armenia July 16: Communists murder Czar & family July 16: Communists murder Czar & family

After the death of the Russian Royal Family—The Romanovs—some thought a family member may have escaped the execution. In 1921, a woman in Germany claims she is Grand Duchess Anastasia. Romanovs living in Germany think she actually is as well. She dies in the United States in years later, DNA testing reveals she is not Anastasia.

Communist Triumph Leon Trotsky lead a well organized, disciplined Red Army Leon Trotsky lead a well organized, disciplined Red Army Anti-Communists were disorganized Anti-Communists were disorganized “war communism” helps Red Army supply train “war communism” helps Red Army supply train Red Terror: Secret police called Cheka, spy/kill Red Terror: Secret police called Cheka, spy/kill Foreign armies in Russia fuel patriotism Foreign armies in Russia fuel patriotism 1921: Communists in total control of Russia, who hate the Allies for their support of Whites, no other parties/ideas have a say in new Russian govt 1921: Communists in total control of Russia, who hate the Allies for their support of Whites, no other parties/ideas have a say in new Russian govt

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Last Year of War Allies have bad 1917: losses on Western Front, Russia’s revolution, tired of war Allies have bad 1917: losses on Western Front, Russia’s revolution, tired of war Up side: entry of United States helps Up side: entry of United States helps March 1918: German Gen. Lundendorff leads new offensive on Western Front March 1918: German Gen. Lundendorff leads new offensive on Western Front French and Moroccan troops joined by 140,000 fresh American troops, tanks French and Moroccan troops joined by 140,000 fresh American troops, tanks Offensive fails, over 1 million Americans on the way to Germany, Lundendorff informs Germany army “war is lost” Offensive fails, over 1 million Americans on the way to Germany, Lundendorff informs Germany army “war is lost”

German Collapse & Armistice Allies will not negotiate with German keiser Allies will not negotiate with German keiser Workers, soldiers revolt against govt Workers, soldiers revolt against govt Nov 9: Keiser William II leaves Germany Nov 9: Keiser William II leaves Germany Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert creates a democratic republic in Germany, ends war Social Democrat Friedrich Ebert creates a democratic republic in Germany, ends war Nov 11, 1918: Ebert signs armistice Nov 11, 1918: Ebert signs armistice Austro-Hungarian Empire collapses, replaced by Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia Austro-Hungarian Empire collapses, replaced by Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

Wilson’s 14 Points Jan 1919: Reps from 27 Allied nations meet in Paris for peace conference Jan 1919: Reps from 27 Allied nations meet in Paris for peace conference Through course of war, reasons change from wanting territory to more idealistic goals Through course of war, reasons change from wanting territory to more idealistic goals U.S. President Woodrow Wilson offers “Fourteen Points” for peace to Congress U.S. President Woodrow Wilson offers “Fourteen Points” for peace to Congress Open negotiations, reduce weaponry to levels for self defense, self-determination Open negotiations, reduce weaponry to levels for self defense, self-determination “War was against absolutism & militarism “War was against absolutism & militarism Europeans see Wilson as champion of democracy and freedom Europeans see Wilson as champion of democracy and freedom

Paris Peace Conference Secret, pre-war treaties complicate peace Secret, pre-war treaties complicate peace Many blamed Germany for war, pay-back Many blamed Germany for war, pay-back France wants reparations from Germans France wants reparations from Germans Important decisions made by Fr, UK, US Important decisions made by Fr, UK, US Germans not invited, Russians busy Germans not invited, Russians busy Wilson creates League of Nations Wilson creates League of Nations World joins, US Senate rejects the idea World joins, US Senate rejects the idea Germany is forced to give up “buffer” land Germany is forced to give up “buffer” land Germans see Treaty of Versailles as unfair Germans see Treaty of Versailles as unfair War guilt placed on Germany and Austria War guilt placed on Germany and Austria

Work On It… On page 430, write and answer questions 1-10