DNA / RNA

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Located in the nucleus / never leaves the nucleus Makes up the chromosomes 4 Nitrogenous Bases: –A = Adenine –C = Cytosine –T = Thymine –G = Guanine

–A = Adenine –C = Cytosine –T = Thymine –G = Guanine A & T – Pair up together C & G – Pair up together DNA is “Double Stranded” / “double helix”

RNA Ribonucleic Acid Single Stranded Can move from nucleus to cytoplasm 4 Bases: –A = Adenine –C = Cytosine –U = Uracil –G = Guanine

RNA –A = Adenine –C = Cytosine –U = Uracil –G = Guanine A & U = Pair up together C & G = Pair up together

Three main types: –mRNA = Messenger RNA Transfers message from nucleus to cytoplasm CODON = 3 mRNA bases code for Amino Acid –tRNA = Transfer RNA Hooks up w/mRNA and holds the Amino Acid ANTICODON = 3 tRNA bases match up w/mRNA and carry Amino Acid –rRNA = Ribosomal RNA Ribosomes “workbench” for Protein Synthesis

A long chain of Amino Acids make up a ____________ –PROTEIN

Protein Synthesis “Making Proteins”

Transcription Transcription: –Making RNA from DNA mRNA

Translation Making a Protein or (polypeptide) from mRNA

Intro: Protein Synthesis: sV0cT6c sV0cT6c BIOFLIX: Protein Synthesis: HOf692E HOf692E

Exons Vs Introns Exons – “Expressed part of the DNA Intron – Not expressed / spliced out –RNA splicing: Enzyme: spliceosome

Frame Shift Mutation

Frame Shift Example THE FAT CAT ATE THE HAT With the “F” deleted –THE ATC ATA TET HEH AT- With the “F” copied twice –THE FFA TCA TAT ETH EHA T--

DNA P/S LAB

Heredity = passing of traits from one generation to the next Variation = Parents & offspring are different Genetics = scientific study of heredity and variation

Gametes = haploid = with only one set of chromosomes For humans: –haploid number is 23 (n = 23) –Each set of 23 consists of 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome is X In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be either X or Y

Where do your traits come from? Children do not inherit traits from their parents, they inherit genes. Genes are segments of DNA Each gene has a specific locus (location) on a certain chromosome One set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent Reproductive cells called gametes (sperm and eggs) unite, passing genes to the next generation

The sex chromosomes are called X and Y Human females: –Two X’s chromosomes (XX) Human males: –one X and one Y chromosome The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex are called autosomes Sex Chromosomes

Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes one chromosome from each parent Human somatic cells: –46 chromosomes –2 sets of 23 (one from the mother and one from the father) –Diploid = 2n

Gametes = haploid = with only one set of chromosomes For humans: –haploid number is 23 (n = 23) –Each set of 23 consists of 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex chromosome is X In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may be either X or Y