Chapter 25 CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Origins of the Movement African Americans won court victories, increased their voting power, and began using “sit-ins” to desegregate public places Rosa Parks sat down just behind the white section on a Montgomery Bus NAACP  E.D. Nixon wanted to challenge bus segregation in court “Separate but equal” under Plessy V Ferguson Became known as the Jim Crow Laws

Push for desegregation During WWII, A. American leaders began to use their political power to demand more rights Chicago 1942, James Farmer and George Houser founded Congress of Racial Equality Encouraged sit-ins

Brown v Board of Education NAACP was led by attorney Thurgood Marshall Linda Brown was told to go across town to the all black school Ruling: Segregation in public school is unconstitutional States reacted by coming up with new requirements to keep schools segregated (1971)

Montgomery Bus Boycott Led by Martin Luther King Cautioned that the protest had to be peaceful Boycotted over a year Rosa Parks gets bus segregation declared unconstitutional

Little Rock Crisis September 1957  Governor Orval Faubus sent national guard troops to prevent 9 black students from entering the school Faubus was instructed to remove troops and he lets the mobs go loose (broken widows and reporters get beaten) Eisenhower sent troops and helped the 9 students enter the school peacefully

Sit-In Movement African American students staged sit-ins and formed the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee to organize efforts for desegregation and voter registration throughout the South Greensboro, NC  4 blacks staged a sit-in in a Woolworths Next day 29 and eventually 300 blacks participated

Freedom Riders Teams of A. Americans and whites rode buses into the South to protest the continued illegal segregation on interstate bus lines 1 st group was beat violently with a gang of whites armed with baseball bats, chains, and lead pipes These attacks force Kennedy to step into action

Kennedy and Civil Rights JFK promised to support the civil rights movement At first, he seemed as cautious as Eisenhower Named 40 A. Americans to high-level positions in the government Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity

Civil Rights Act of 1964 Johnson will push hard to get Kennedy’s bill passed into law Prevent racial discrimination Segregation illegal Equal access to public facilities

March to Washington Selma March King demands that Sheriff Jim Clark back down with deputies and allow the African Americans to vote As protestors knelt to pray, 200 state troopers and deputies rushed and attacked the crowd. Bloody Sunday

Voting Rights Act of 1965 Register qualified voters bypassing local officials Suspended discriminatory devices such as literacy tests 2 major goals accomplished 1. Segregation had been outlawed 2. New federal laws were in place to prevent discrimination

Watts Riot 5 days after the Voting Rights Act, a riot breaks out in LA Police Brutality reason for riot 14,000 National Guard and 1,500 Police officers to restore order $45 million in property damage 34 people killed

Kerner Commission Study the causes of urban riots Suggested creation of 2 million inner city jobs 6 million units of public housing

Black Power Physical self-defense and violence if necessary Pride in African Americans Afro Hairstyles since whites can’t have that

Malcolm X Symbol of black power movement Served time in prison for 6 years (Burglary) Joined nation of Islam Black Nationalism Left people with the idea of militant African Americans and the creation of the Black Panthers

King Assassinated Assassinated in Memphis, TN April 4, 1968 by sniper shot National mourning and riots ensued Passed Civil Rights Act of 1968  Fair housing provision, outlawing discrimination based on real estate