Security Applications of SIFT-MS  Overview of SIFT-MS  Explosives detection  CWA and precursor detection  Narcotics and precursor detection  Fumigant and TIC detection  Simplicity of operation

What is SIFT-MS? Selected Ion Flow Tube – Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is a form of direct mass spectrometry that utilizes precisely controlled chemical ionization reactions to detect and quantify trace amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) … from whole air … in real time … with typical detection limits at part- per-trillion level (by volume – pptv) The Syft Technologies’ Voice200 ®

Syft Product Evolution University model 4,000 kg Syft Tech Lab Demo 500 kg Voice100 TM 1 st Commercial 450 kg Voice200 ® 2 nd Gen. 212 kg July 2007 Syft formed Late 2002 July 2007 April 2005

Benefits of SIFT-MS technology  Unique ability to analyse whole air, minimising sample preparation and allowing for flexible sample presentation  Extremely fast, sensitive and quantitative analysis  Low operating costs  Simple operation  Detection and quantitation of a wide variety of compounds in a single analysis

Explosives  TATP  TNT *  Nitroglycerine *  Dinitrotoluene (impurity in TNT)  Nitrotoluenes (taggant)  DMNB (taggant)  EGDN (taggant)  HMTD * * HEATED

Explosives & Taggants 1.Practical detection of TNT is via the DNT impurity 2.Plastic explosives may be detectable, but most likely via taggants, e.g. DMNB.

Detection of explosives: example TATP TATP is currently the explosive of choice for some terrorist organisations. It is very easy to make yet very difficult to detect with dogs, GC-MS or UV/visible spectrometry. Traces of TATP, as well as a wide range of common explosives, can be detected in real time.

CWAs

CWA Precursors & Surrogates 1. Also detectable are DEMP, DMEP, DEEP and other similar compounds

CWA Detection Results The following data were developed in collaboration with the Australian Defense Science and Technology Organization (DSTO) Laboratories in Melbourne, and are presented with permission.  Six live CWAs (Tabun (GA), Sarin (GB), Soman (GD), Ethyl Sarin (GE), Phosgene (CG) and Sulfur Mustard (H)) have been sampled and the products identified  Sarin (GB) has shown excellent agreement in linearity of detection down to 10% of the Immediate Danger to Life and Health (IDLH) value  CWA surrogates for both G and L type agents have also been tested and limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) determined

Detection of CWAs: Sarin Cooperative testing with Australian DSTO on live Chemical Warfare Agents

Detection of CWAs: HVAC systems Less than 1 sec The figure shows the detection of surrogate in real time at a level of around 70 ppb in a selected ion mode scan Fast response to threats: Real-time shut-off of HVAC systems

Sulfur Mustard (HD) Sulfur mustard MW = 158 S CH 2 CH 2 Cl Impurity MW = 104 S CH 2 O m/z cps H3O+H3O+ m/z cps NO + Impurity.H + Impurity.NO + HD.NO + HD.H +

CWA – Linearity of Detection A plot of the SIFT-MS response using the H 3 O + reagent ion versus GC Sarin (GB) concentration. CONFIDENTIAL

Limit of detection An example of detection near the LOD for diisopropyl phosphite is shown below. The limit of detection for Sarin by a Voice100 SIFT- MS was calculated by comparison with the ATD­GC- MS. A value of 406 pptv was obtained with a signal to noise ratio of >3:1. This is significantly below the IDLH of 17 ppbv. CONFIDENTIAL

CWA Precursor / Surrogate Results Sample time: 30 s. All of the above levels are well below TWA and IDLH limits. CWA SurrogateLOD (pptv)LOQ (pptv) 2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide75180 Diethyl methyl phosphate (DEMP) Dimethyl ethyl phosphate (DMEP) Diethyl ethyl phosphate (DEEP)45200 Methyl salicylate Trimethyl phosphate160310

CWA Precursor / Surrogate Results CWA PrecursorsLOD (pptv)LOQ (pptv) Diethyl ethanolamine Dimethyl methyl phosphate (DMMP) Diethyl phosphite81180 Diisopropyl phosphite32140 (Diisopropylamino)ethanol Sample time: 30 s. All of the above levels are well below TWA and IDLH limits.

Presentation of Results Results are presented in a clear and unambiguous display All substances being scanned are presented at once. Anything over the limits set are marked red and could sound an alarm. All results can be recorded.

Australian DOD DSTO Summary  Confirmed ability of Voice to perform analysis of CWAs.  Voice has ability to discriminate CWAs from other interferent analytes.  SIFT-MS can also be used to detect and analyze impurities.  Quantitative evaluation confirmed Voice is capable of detecting GB at ppt level.

Narcotics 1.Identified via breakdown products, impurities and other indicator compounds. 2.Only the base form is detectable. 3.Salts (e.g. hydrochloride & sulfate) may be detectable via swab based methods.

Drug Precursors 1.Salts ( e.g. hydrochloride & sulfate) may be detectable via swab-based methods. Compound NameGas Phase DetectionSwab-based Detection EphedrineNoYes 1 PseudoephedrineNoYes 1 NorephedrineNoYes 1 P2PYes 2PYes SafroleYes IsosafroleYes PiperonalYes Acetic AnhydrideYes

Fumigants & Toxic Industrial Compounds 1.Swab based methods unnecessary due to high volatility

Simple software A common problem with analytical devices is that the user requires specialist skills to use it. WE USE TOUCH SCREEN SIMPLICITY!

Compound concentrations Extendable list of compounds Accurate and clear results Integrates with existing IT systems via LAN, barcode reader, etc. Safety limits can be user-defined. Unambiguous results

Summary  Extremely fast, highly sensitive analysis for explosives, CWAs, selected narcotics and related compounds  High specificity provides very low false positive rate compared to IMS  Low operating costs  Simple to operate and robust

SIFT-MS Principles

SIFT-MS: Determining Absolute Concentrations in Real Time  The absolute concentration of a particular analyte is calculated from the:  Constant, known, flow rate of sample gas into the SIFT-MS (determined by the inlet capillary)  Reagent ion signal(s) and analyte product ion signal(s) at the detector  Rate coefficient for reaction of the reactant ion(s) with the analyte (a physical constant)  A linear range of approximately 100 pptv to 20 ppmv is obtained for typical rate coefficients and inlet flows

O (CH 3 ) 2 CO  (CH 3 )CO + (58) + O 2 [60%]  CH 3 CO + (43) + CH 3 +O 2 [40%] O CH 3 CH 2 CHO  CH 3 CH 2 CHO + (58) + O 2 [50%]  CH 3 CH 2 CO + (57) + HO 2 [50%]  The triple reagent ion system of SIFT-MS is able to resolve many isobaric and isomeric compounds.  Acetone (58) H 3 O + + (CH 3 ) 2 CO  (CH 3 ) 2 COH + (59) + H 2 O  Propanal (58) H 3 O + + CH 3 CH 2 CHO  CH 3 CH 2 COH + (59) + H 2 O NO + + (CH 3 ) 2 CO  (CH 3 ) 2 CO.NO + (88) NO + + CH 3 CH 2 CHO  CH 3 CH 2 CO + (57) + HNO Resolving isobaric and isomeric compounds O O

Compound Classes Analyzed  Examples of the classes of Volatile Organic Compounds that can be analyzed using SIFT-MS are:  Inorganic compounds analyzed are: ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, phosphine General classExample classes hydrocarbonsalkanes, alkenes, aromatics and monoterpenes oxygenatesalcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers nitrogen cmpdsamines, amides, nitriles, nitrated organics sulfur compoundsmercaptans, thioethers, carbonyl sulfide halogenated compounds aliphatic and aromatic fluorides, chlorides, bromides and iodides

Sample Presentation to SIFT-MS  A range of sampling methods are compatible with SIFT-MS whole air analysis:  Direct ‘live’ sampling of whole air, including breath  Tedlar or Teflon sampling bags  Headspace vials  SUMMA canisters  By interfacing appropriate hardware, SIFT-MS can also analyze pre-concentrated samples:  Thermal desorption tubes, loaded via either active or passive sampling protocols  Direct thermal extraction