Discuss Lab Questions M = mRT PV
Electronic Structure
Electrons do not orbit nucleii, but move randomly in space around the nucleus.
Orbital The space in which the electrons (e - ) are likely to be found Max 2 e - per orbital
Electron Configuration A description of the electrons in an atom
Rule of Electron configuration Number: energy level (row #) Letter: energy sublevel (area) Superscript: # of e - in sublevel d electrons: 1 level < row # f electrons: 2 levels < row # Include all filled sublevels
Energy Levels Corresponds to row # Related to size
Energy Sublevels Corresponds to an area on the periodic table = nodes in orbitals s, p, d, f
s - electrons Columns 1A & 2A Spherical orbitals
p - electrons Col. 3A - 8A or Dumbbell shaped orbital 3 orbitals per sublevel 1 node
d - electrons Cols 3B - 2B or Transition area (2 nodes) Double dumbbell shaped 5 orbitals in sublevel
f - electrons Lower removed area Triple dumbbell shaped 7 orbitals per sublevel 3 nodes
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
5s - 4s - 3s - 2s - 1s - 5p p p p d d
Ground State All electrons are in their lowest possible energy state
Excited State One or more electrons are not in their lowest possible energy state
Degenerate Orbitals Orbitals at the same energy level
Write The ECs for: F Rb Tc As
Write the ECs for: SnPt IMn +2
Chromium & Copper are Kinky
EC for Transition El. 4s 2 3d 1 4s 2 3d 6 4s 2 3d 2 4s 2 3d 7 4s 2 3d 3 4s 2 3d 8 4s 1 3d 5 4s 1 3d 10 4s 2 3d 5 4s 2 3d 10
All Transition elements have either 1 or 2 electrons in their outermost energy level
All inner-transition elements have two electrons in their outermost energy level
Write the ECs for: ZnAu Al +3 Fe +3
Valence Electrons Electrons in the outer most energy level Electrons involved in chemical reactions
Octet Rule 8 electrons in the outer level is stable elements attempt to get eight electrons in their outer level
Electron Dot Diagram Represents the valence electrons in an atom Maximum 4 pairs drawn on an imaginary square around the symbol
Chromium & Copper Are Kinky
Transition Dot Diagrams Kinky ones have a single All the rest have a pair
Inner Transition Dot Diagrams All have a pair
Wave Formula v or c = f c = speed of light = wavelength or f = frequency
Calculate the wavelength of your favorite radio station FM in MHz AM in kHz
Plank’s Formula E = hf = hc/ E = energy h = Plank’s Constant
Calculate the energy of a photon from your favorite radio station:
Calculate the energy of uv light at 221 nm:
DeBroglie’s Formula = h/mv
Calculate the wavelength of a 221 g baseball thrown at 15 m/s:
Calculate the energy and mass of a photon of IR light at m:
Spectrum The unique set of waves absorbed or emitted by a substance
Absorption Spectrum The unique set of wavelengths absorbed by a substance Atomic Absorption Sp
Emission Spectrum The unique set of wavelengths emitted by a substance Atomic Emission Sp
Atomic Absorption Spectrum Dark-line Spectrum
Atomic Emission Spectrum Bright-line Spectrum jircitano/periodic4.html
Spectroscopy The study of a substance under continuous excitation energy