Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Therapies Chapter 13

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Insight Therapies

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Psychoanalysis Designed to bring repressed feelings and thoughts to conscious awareness Free association Transference Countertransference Insight Freudian Slips Dream Analysis

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Client-Centered Therapy Developed by Carl Rogers Goal is to help clients become fully functioning Therapist expresses unconditional positive regard Therapy is nondirective Therapist reflects clients’ statements

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gestalt Therapy Fritz Perls Emphasizes the wholeness of personality Attempts to reawaken people to their emotions and sensations in the here-and- now Encourages confrontation with issues Therapist is active and directive

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Behavior Therapies

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Behavior Therapies Based on the belief that all behavior is learned Objective of therapy is to teach people new ways of behaving

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Using Classical Conditioning Techniques Systematic desensitization (counter- conditioning Extinction Flooding Full-intensity exposure to feared object Implosion Aversive conditioning Eliminate undesirable behavior by associating it with pain and discomfort

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Operant Conditioning Behavior contracting Client and therapist set behavioral goals and agree on reinforcements the person will receive Token economy Clients earn tokens for desired behaviors and exchange them for desired items or privileges Often used in schools and hospitals or with juvenile delinquents Premack Principle

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Modeling Person learns new behaviors by watching others perform those behaviors Sometimes used in conjunction with operant conditioning

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Cognitive Therapies

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Stress-Inoculation Therapy Type of cognitive therapy that trains people to cope with stressful situations by learning a more useful patterns of self-talk Taught to suppress negative and anxiety- provoking thoughts in times of stress Particularly effective for treating anxiety disorders

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) A directive therapy based on the idea that psychological distress is caused by irrational and self-defeating beliefs Core problem is belief in “musts” and “shoulds” that leave no room for making mistakes Therapist’s job is to challenge client’s irrational beliefs

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Beck’s Cognitive Therapy Aimed at identifying and changing inappropriately negative and self-critical patterns of thought Good treatment for depression

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Group Therapies

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Family Therapy Form of group therapy that sees the family as at least partly responsible for the individual’s problems Seeks to change all family members’ behavior to the benefit of the family and the individual

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Couple Therapy A form of group therapy intended to help troubled partners improve their communication and interaction Empathy training Partners taught to share feelings and listen to and understand partner’s feelings

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Self-Help Groups Small, local gatherings of people who share common problems and provide mutual assistance at very low cost Alcoholics Anonymous is an example

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Does Psychotherapy Work? Psychotherapy helps about 2/3rd of people treated Approximately 1/3 would improve without therapy Which Type of Therapy is Best for Which Disorder? No one type of therapy is better Key is to match the problem with the appropriate therapy

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Biological Treatments

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Drug Therapies Major reasons for widespread use of drugs Drugs are effective at treating disorders Drug therapies are often less expensive that psychotherapy

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Antipsychotic Drugs Used for schizophrenia or psychosis All antipsychotics block dopamine receptors in the brain Phenothiazines (Thorazine)

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Antidepressant Drugs Tricyclics and MAO inhibitors Most common antidepressants prior to late 1980s Work by increasing amount of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine Effective, but have serious side effects Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Work by blocking the reuptake of serotonin Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft, Effexor

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Action of SSRIs

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Lithium A naturally occurring salt that is used to treat bipolar disorder (manic depression) Nobody knows how lithium works to alleviate symptoms Problem with people stopping medication when symptoms ease

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Other Medications Psychostimulants Use to treat disorders such as AD/HD Concern that psychostimulants are being overused Antianxiety medications Use to treat anxiety disorders Produce a feeling of calm and mild euphoria Valium is a common antianxiety medication

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Electroconvulsive Therapy Commonly known as “shock therapy” Used as a treatment for severe depression Causes brief convulsions and temporary loss of consciousness Memory loss is a side-effect Newer techniques minimize effects on memory

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Psychosurgery Brain surgery performed to change a person’s behavior or emotional state A prefrontal lobotomy is an example Psychosurgery is rarely used today

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Institutionalization and Its Alternatives

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Deinstitutionalization Releasing people with severe psychological disorders into the community Can cause problems Some people are ill-prepared to deal with life outside of a hospital Up to 40% of homeless are mentally ill Alternative forms of treatment (many) Half-way houses Family-crisis interventions Day-care

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Prevention Primary prevention Improve the social environment so that new cases of mental disorders do not develop Family planning Genetic counseling Secondary prevention Interventions with high risk groups (e.g., suicide hot- line) Tertiary prevention Help people adjust after they are released from the hospital in order to help prevent a relapse

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Gender Differences in Treatment More women admit problems and go to therapy Women are more likely to take medication Psychotherapy is seen as more acceptable for women Recent increases in number of males seeking psychotherapy

Psychology: An Introduction Charles A. Morris & Albert A. Maisto © 2005 Prentice Hall Cultural Difference in Treatment Eye contact and body language varies across cultures and may be misinterpreted as symptomatic of a disorder Another challenge is treating post- traumatic stress disorder in refugees There may be disorders in other cultures that do not appear in U.S.