Interest Grabber Plants Make the World Go Round Life as we know it today could not exist without plants. Plants provide us with many essential items other than food. 1.With your partner, list five items you use daily that are byproducts of plants. 2.With your partner, list three items that plants must get from animals—either directly or indirectly.

Comparing Features of Seed Plants Feature Seeds Reproduction Examples Feature Seeds Reproduction Examples Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms GymnospermsAngiosperms Bear their seeds on cones Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, gnetophytes Bear their seeds within flowers Can reproduce without water; male gametophytes are contained in pollen grains; fertilization occurs by pollination Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, wildflowers, cultivated flowers

are categorized as that complete their life cycle in Plants Annuals Biennials Perennials 1 growing season 2 years More than 2 years

Buck Wheat The 5 Main Parts of a Plant

Stems- 2 Types of Growth Primary Growth Apical meristems located at the tips of shoots and roots produce primary growth. The tissues that result from primary growth are known as primary tissues. Secondary Growth Secondary growth increases a plant’s stem and root width. In woody stems, secondary growth is produced by the cork cambium and vascular cambium, two meristems near the outside of the stem.

The Vascular Plant Body Vascular Tissues Vascular Tissues Vascular tissue conducts water, minerals, and organic compounds throughout the plant. Xylem Xylem contains vessels, which are made up of cells that conduct water only after they lose their cytoplasm. Water flows between cells through pits and perforations in their cell walls. Phloem Phloem contains sieve tubes, which are made up of cells that are still living. Substances pass between the cells through pores.

Root Structure

Veins Xylem Phloem Vein Cuticle Epidermis Palisade mesophyll Epidermis Stoma Guard cells Spongy mesophyll The Internal Structure of a Leaf

Transport in Plants Movement of Water Transpiration: Transpiration, the loss of water from a plant’s leaves, creates a pull that draws water up through xylem from roots to leaves. Guard Cells and Transpiration: Guard cells control water loss by closing a plant’s stomata when water is scarce. Thus, they also regulate the rate of transpiration.

Stoma OpenStoma Closed Guard cells Inner cell wall Stoma Guard cells Inner cell wall Function of Guard Cells

Tropisms: the response of plants to external stimuli Controlled by hormones called “auxins” Control plant growth and development Control plant response to environment Stimulate cell elongation

Midnight Noon Long Day Midnight Noon Short Day Midnight Noon Interrupted Night Short-Day PlantLong-Day Plant Photoperiodism and Flowering Responsible for the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and growth.

Filament Anther Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Petal Sepal Ovule Stamen The Structure of a Flower

Comparing Wind-pollinated and Animal-pollinated Plants Characteristics Pollination method Relative efficiency of pollination method Plant types Reproductive organs Adaptations that promote pollination Characteristics Pollination method Relative efficiency of pollination method Plant types Reproductive organs Adaptations that promote pollination Wind-pollinated Plants Wind pollination Less efficient Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms Cones Pollination drop Wind-pollinated Plants Wind pollination Less efficient Mostly gymnosperms and some angiosperms Cones Pollination drop Animal-pollinated Plants Vector pollination More efficient Angiosperms Flowers Bright colors, sweet nectar Animal-pollinated Plants Vector pollination More efficient Angiosperms Flowers Bright colors, sweet nectar

MonocotsDicots Seeds Leaves Flowers Stems Roots Single cotyledon Parallel veins Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem Fibrous roots Two cotyledons Branched veins Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Taproot Comparison of Monocot to Dicot plant parts