Essential Question Essential Question: – What were the success & failures of federal attempts to reconstruct the Union after the Civil War ( )? Who wins the Civil War? Who wins the Civil War?

Carl Von Clausewitz “War is the continuation of politics by other means.” What does it mean?

Reconstruction ( ) During the era of Reconstruction after the Civil War, the federal government attempted to: – Bring the Southern states back into the Union – Offer protections & rights to newly emancipated slaves – Rebuild the nation & improve the economy after 4 years of fighting

The Successes of Reconstruction Based upon the image below, what was the major success of Reconstruction?

Successes of Reconstruction Through Reconstruction, the national gov’t achieved Lincoln’s original goal: “Preserve the Union” – By 1870, all 11 Confederate states had been re-admitted into the United States – The states’ rights & nullification arguments came to an end

America at the Start of the Civil War (1861)America at the End of Reconstruction (1877)

Successes of Reconstruction Reconstruction led to the end of slavery & protections for all citizens, including African-Americans: – 13 th Amendment ended slavery – 14 th Amendment guaranteed all citizens, regardless of race, equal protection under the law – 15 th Amendment gave voting rights to African-American men

Successes of Reconstruction Reconstruction was the “golden age” of voting for African-Americans: – With the right to vote, military districts, & federal troops in the South to protect voters, African- Americans were empowered – The first black politicians were elected to state & national offices – Republicans took control of state governments in the South

The First African-American Congressmen

The “Invisible Empire” of the South

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

Failures of Reconstruction …The inability of the federal gov’t to sustain Reconstruction – Corruption scandals during Grant’s presidency & economic recession in 1873 distracted northerners from Reconstruction – The Supreme Court ruled against civil rights laws designed to protect African-Americans Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, & Indian Ring scandals

Failures of Reconstruction …Supporting the return of the Democratic Party to state gov’ts: – The KKK & black codes became successful in limiting black voting – Federal troops & military districts had difficulty protecting blacks – One-by-one, Southern state gov’ts shifted from Republican control to the Democratic Party – These “Redeemer Democrats” hoped to restore the “Old South”

The Rise of “Redeemer Democrats” in the South

In 1877, Reconstruction ended: – The Democratic Party returned to power in all 11 Southern states – The only thing protecting blacks were federal troops; but by 1875, Grant had stopped sending reinforcements

The “Compromise of 1877”: – In the 1876 election, neither Democrat Tilden nor Republican Hayes won a majority of electoral vote – Democrats in Congress agreed to vote for Hayes if the remaining federal troops were withdrawn from the South

1876 Presidential Election President Hayes removed federal troops & ended military zones Reconstruction officially ended in 1877

Jim Crow Era (1877 to 1954) With Reconstruction over, the Jim Crow era began ( ) – Jim Crow laws, such as literacy tests (reading requirements) & poll taxes (fees to vote) kept African-Americans from voting – Grandfather clauses allowed poor whites to avoid these laws & vote In Plessy v Ferguson (1896), the Supreme Court said segregation was OK (“separate but equal”)

“Jim Crow” South from 1877 to 1954

You will be writing a 5-paragraph Essay The question you will answer  Who wins the Civil War? Smaller questions and ideas you’ll need to keep in mind to answer the bigger question. 1.How is victory defined during the Civil War? How does Abraham Lincoln define the goals of the war? 2.How do you define freedom for freed slaves after the war? Civil Liberties? Economic Liberties? 3. Does the North achieve their goals? At the end of reconstruction does the South fulfill your ideas of freedom? Use your notes from the Gettysburg Address and reconstruction to answer the questions above.