abrasion ablation  σ f [cm 2 ] for projectile fragmentation + fission  luminosity [atoms cm -2 s -1 ]  70% transmission SIS – FRS  ε trans transmission through the fragment separator FRS  event rate[s -1 ] = luminosity[cm -2 s -1 ] * σ[cm 2 ] * 0.7 * ε trans Count Rate Estimate

20% speed of light deflecting magnets focussing magnets acceleration Max. 90% speed of light experiment UNILAC IonNumber of injections Intensity [spill -1 ] at FRS Ion source Date 58 Ni16*10 9 MEVVA Ag13*10 9 MEVVA Xe15*10 9 MUCIS Xe45*10 9 MEVVA Pb301.3*10 9 PIG U12.0*10 9 PIG % speed of light eff. puls width for injection: 47μs 36.2% efficiency intensity[s -1 ]=0.5*intensity[spill -1 ] period of one revolution 4.7 μs 10 turns will be accepted for injection Primary Beam Intensity acceleration: 0.5 s extraction: 1.0 s magnet resetting: 0.5 s

The optimum thickness of the production target is limited by the loss of fragments due to secondary reactions Primary reaction rate: Example: 238 U (10 9 s -1 ) on 208 Pb (x=1g/cm 2 ) → 132 Sn (σ f =15.4mb) reaction rate: 44571[s -1 ] Primary + secondary reaction rate: Example: Example: 124 Xe (10 9 s -1 ) on 9 Be (x=1g/cm 2 ) → 104 Sn (σ f =5.6μb) reaction rate: 375[s -1 ] Primary target thickness

Nuclear reaction rate Reaction rate (thin target): Reaction rate (thick target): Example: Reaction rate: 57941[s -1 ] transmission (SIS/FRS)=70%, transmission (FRS) 1.9%

Optimization of the target thickness Primary reaction rate: Example: Primary + secondary reaction rate:

Reaction Parameters for Heavy-Ion Collisions The relevant formulae are calculated if A 1, Z 1 and A 2, Z 2 are the mass (in amu) and charge number of the projectile and target nucleus, respectively. Nuclear radius for homogeneous (sharp) mass distribution: Nuclear radius for diffuse (Fermi) mass distribution: Nuclear interaction radius: Nuclear reaction cross section at relativistic energies:

RIBs produced by fragmentation or fission

IonReactionσ[b]ε FRS [%]Rate[s -1 ] 36 Si 48 Ca+ 9 Be6.6· Ca 82 Se+ 9 Be4.5· Cr 58 Ni+ 9 Be1.6· Ni 86 Kr+ 9 Be5.3· Ge 86 Kr+ 9 Be0.8· Sn 124 Xe+ 9 Be5.6· Te 136 Xe+ 9 Be 3.7 · W 208 Pb+ 9 Be 8.8 · Kr 238 U+ 208 Pb 2.6 · Sn 238 U+ 208 Pb 1.5 · Beam intensity: 10 9 [s -1 ] Target thickness: 1[g/cm 2 ] Secondary Beam Rate at S4

transmission SIS-FRS: 70% primary Xe-beam intensity: 2.5·10 9 [s -1 ] Be-target thickness: 4g/cm 2 transmission through FRS: 60% primary U-beam intensity: 10 9 [s -1 ] Pb-target thickness: 1g/cm 2 transmission through FRS: 2% Secondary Beam Intensities at S4

Scattering experiments at 100 AMeV 86 Kr, 480MeV/u 56 Cr, 100MeV/u 56 Cr Z A/Q relativistic Coulomb excitation RIB from FRS secondary target DSSSD CsI time-of-flight (x,y,ΔE) diamond/plastic Lund-York-Cologne CAlorimeter (LYCCA)

Reaction types at relativistic energies secondary beam intensity: 10 3 [s -1 ] target Au thickness: 0.4[g/cm 2 ] Coulex cross section: 0.50[b] AGATA γ-efficiency: 17.5% reaction rate: 380[h] secondary beam intensity: 10 3 [s -1 ] target Be thickness: 0.7[g/cm 2 ] fragmentation cross section: 0.03[b] AGATA γ-efficiency: 17.5% reaction rate: 880[h]

target thickness (mg/cm 2 ) angular width (mrad) Coulomb excitation: projectile mass number A 1 grazing angle (mrad) Scattering Experiments at 100 MeV/u

target: Au,Be

electric field lines (v/c=0.99) slowing down of a moving point-charge Bremsstrahlung

 Radiative electron capture (REC) capture of target electrons into bound states of the projectile:  Primary Bremsstrahlung (PB) capture of target electrons into continuum states of the projectile:  Secondary Bremsstrahlung (SB) Stopping of high energy electrons in the target: Atomic Background Radiation

 Radiative electron capture (REC) capture of target electrons into bound states of the projectile:  Primary Bremsstrahlung (PB) capture of target electrons into continuum states of the projectile:  Secondary Bremsstrahlung (SB) Stopping of high energy electrons in the target: Atomic Background Radiation

 Radiative electron capture (REC) capture of target electrons into bound states of the projectile:  Primary Bremsstrahlung (PB) capture of target electrons into continuum states of the projectile:  Secondary Bremsstrahlung (SB) Stopping of high energy electrons in the target:  large cross sections  angular distribution - forwar boosted with projectile energy Atomic Background Radiation

HECTOR BaF Xe beam (150 MeV/u) → Au target (0.2 g/cm 2 ) time spectrum (ns) At the very beginning… prompt (target) Kr beam (100 MeV/u) → Au target time spectrum (ns) prompt (target) Atomic Background Radiation

HECTOR BaF 2 Early gamma radiation 5ns, coming from the beam line, caused by the light particles, ranging to very high energies (0-20 MeV) 8-12ns after 15ns after Additional Background Radiation

HECTOR BaF 2 prompt CATE time spectrum Coulomb excitation: A/Q - 37 Ca, CATE - Ca prompt time spectrum Fragmentation: A/Q - 37 Ca, CATE -K (mainly 36 K) 37 Ca beam at 196MeV/u Additional Background Radiation

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = What happens to the spectral shape, when one applies Doppler corrections? „662 keV”

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.100

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.200

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.300

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.320

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.330

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.340

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.345

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.350

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.355

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.360

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.370

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.380

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.390

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.400

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.410

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.420

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.430

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.440

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = 0.450

132 Xe (662 keV) v/c = This is NOT bremstrahlung! This is compressed nearly constant background.