CHAPTER 5 The Working Cell Energy and ATP, Transport, and Enzymes

Conservation of Energy Energy is defined as the capacity to perform work. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Potential energy is stored energy. Energy Concepts

Energy can be changed from one form to another. –However, it cannot be created or destroyed. –This is the principle of conservation of energy. So where is that energy? –Potential, kinetic –Heat, movement of molecules –Connecting and breaking bonds

Chemical Energy Chemical energy –Is a form of potential energy. –Is found in food, gasoline, and other fuels.

Figure 5.3a

Cellular respiration –Is the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules. –Provides energy for the cell to do work.

Food Calories How can we measure the amount of energy in food? A calorie is the amount of energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.

The kilocalorie is (or food calorie) –1,000 calories. –The unit used to measure the energy in food.

Figure 5.4a

The energy of calories in food is burned off by many activities.

ATP and Cellular Work The chemical energy of organic molecules is released in cellular respiration to make ATP in the mitochondria. TRANSLATION: –The bonds in food are broken to make ATP in the mitochondria

The Structure of ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphate) –Consists of adenosine plus a tail of three phosphate groups. –Is broken down to ADP, accompanied by the release of energy.

Phosphate Transfer ATP can energize other molecules by transferring phosphate groups. –This energy can be used to drive cellular work. – s popperhttp:// s

Figure 5.6

The ATP Cycle Cellular work spends ATP. ATP is recycled from ADP and phosphate through cellular respiration.

DONE ENERGY and ATP Into Transport Across a Membrane

CELL MEMBRANE SEMIPERMEABLE – ‘picky’ –Selectively permeable Phospholipid Bilayer –Hydrophobic tail –Hydrophilic head Membrane Proteins

Figure 5.11

The Cell Membrane AKA Phospholipid Bilayer, Plasma Membrane It is selectively permeable – Letting only certain substances through Why? –1. If they fit between the links of the membrane –2. If a concentration gradient is there –3. If they can mix with the membrane parts.

1. If they fit:

2. If there is a Concentration Gradient:

3. If they mix with the membrane Oil Fire advice from a victim Foreign Launguage but display of how to put out an oil fire Super hydrophobic spray water and oj water and oil

Passive Transport : Diffusion Across Membranes Molecules contain heat energy. –They vibrate and wander randomly. Three types of PASSIVE transport: –Diffusion –Facilitated Diffusion –Osmosis

Figure 5.12

Facilitated diffusion uses a membrane protein to “help” molecules through.

Osmosis and Water Balance in Cells Osmosis is the passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A hypertonic solution –Has a higher concentration of solute. A hypotonic solution –Has a lower concentration of solute. An isotonic solution –Has an equal concentration of solute. –

Figure 5.14

Passive Transport Osmosis – the movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to low concentration Hypertonic: get your energy OUT Hypotonic: Hypo the Hippo Isotonic: equal

Water Balance in Plant Cells Water balance in plant cells is different. –They have rigid cell walls. –They are at the mercy of the environment.

Active Transport: The Pumping of Molecules Across Membranes Active transport requires energy to move molecules across a membrane. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Active Transport

Types of active transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Membrane Pumps Animation of membrane pump

Exocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large Molecules Exocytosis –Secretes substances outside of the cell. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Exocytosis and Endocytosis Introduction

Endocytosis –Takes material into the cell. Pinocytosis

In phagocytosis (“cellular eating”), a cell engulfs a particle and packages it within a food vacuole. In pinocytosis (“cellular drinking”), a cell “gulps” droplets of fluid by forming tiny vesicles. Phagocytosis

DONE TRANSPORT Into ENZYMES

Enzymes ENZYMES are proteins your body makes Metabolism is the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in organisms. Few metabolic reactions occur without the assistance of enzymes.

Activation Energy Activation energy –Is the energy that activates the reactants in a chemical reaction. –Triggers a chemical reaction to proceed. Enzymes –Lower the activation energy for chemical reactions.

Figure 5.8

Induced Fit Each enzyme is very selective. –It catalyzes specific reactions. Each enzyme recognizes a specific substrate. –The active site fits to the substrate, and the enzyme changes shape slightly. –This interaction is called induced fit. Enzymes can function over and over again. –This is a key characteristic of enzymes.

Figure 5.9

Enzyme Inhibitors Enzyme inhibitors –Can inhibit a metabolic reaction. –Bind to the active site, as substrate imposters.

Figure 5.10a, b

Other inhibitors –Bind at a remote site, changing the enzyme’s shape. –In some cases, this is called feedback regulation.

Figure 5.10c