LATIN PRONOUNS

THE BASICS Most pronouns can also be used as adjectives The endings are mostly those of 1st/2nd declension adjectives like bonus, -a, -um, but some forms are irregular. In particular, the genitive singular has the special ending –ius and the dative singular borrows the –ī ending from the 3rd declension. These two endings always remain the same for all three genders The i in the -ius actually stands for a double-consonant in eius, huius and cuius, which are thus pronounced EY-yus, HUY-yus and CUY-yus. In other pronouns the –i is long and takes the stress –e.g. illīus, normally pronounced il-LI-us These special `pronominal’ endings for dative and genitive are also used by nine adjectives that otherwise normally follow the regular – us, -a, -um/ -er, -ra, -rum pattern: ūnus (one), nūllus (none), ūllus (any), sōlus (alone), neuter (neither) alius (neut. nom, acc. sing. aliud) (other), uter (which of two), tōtus (whole), alter (the other of two)

is, ea, id (singular) Can be translated `this’ or `that’ but often just the equivalent of `him’, `her’, `his’, `them’ etc. The nominative does not need to be used very often because the meaning `he’, `she’, `they’ etc, is contained within an ordinary verb. Compare: –Canis eum spectat (The dog looks at him) –Canem spectat (He looks at the dog)

is (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeiseaid Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

is (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeiseaid Accusativeeumeamid Genitive Dative Ablative

is (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeiseaid Accusativeeumeamid Genitiveeius Dative Ablative

is (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeiseaid Accusativeeumeamid Genitiveeius Dative eī Ablative

is (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeiseaid Accusativeeumeamid Genitiveeius Dative eī Ablative eōeāeō

is (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative eī ( or iī) eaeea Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

is (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative eī ( or iī) eaeea Accusative e ōseās ea Genitive Dative Ablative

is (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative eī ( or iī) eaeea Accusative e ōseās ea Genitive eōrumeārumeōrum Dative Ablative

is (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative eī ( or iī) eaeea Accusative e ōseās ea Genitive eōrumeārumeōrum Dative eīs ( or iīs) Ablative

is (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative eī ( or iī) eaeea Accusative e ōseās ea Genitive eōrumeārumeōrum Dative eīs ( or iīs) Ablative eīs ( or iīs)

ī dem, eadem, idem A compound of is/ea/id and the suffix `dem’ meaning `the same’. An `m’ before the suffix becomes `n’ –*eumdem > eundem –*eōrumdem > eōrundem Notice the slightly irregular forms of nominative singular masculine and neuter –*isdem > ī dem (long vowel) –*iddem > idem (short vowel)

ī dem (singular) MascFemNeut Nominative ī dem eademidem Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ī dem (singular) MascFemNeut Nominative ī dem eademidem Accusativeeundemeandemidem Genitive Dative Ablative

ī dem (singular) MascFemNeut Nominative ī dem eademidem Accusativeeundemeandemidem Genitiveeiusdem Dative Ablative

ī dem (singular) MascFemNeut Nominative ī dem eademidem Accusativeeundemeandemidem Genitiveeiusdem Dative eīdem Ablative

ī dem (singular) MascFemNeut Nominative ī dem eademidem Accusativeeundemeandemidem Genitiveeiusdem Dative eīdem Ablative eōdemeādemeōdem

ī dem (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative eīdem eaedemeadem Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ī dem (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative eīdem eaedemeadem Accusative e ōsdemeāsdem e a dem Genitive Dative Ablative

ī dem (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative eīdem eaedemeadem Accusative e ōsdemeāsdem e a dem Genitive eōrundemeārundemeōrundem Dative Ablative

ī dem (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative eīdem eaedemeadem Accusative e ōsdemeāsdem e a dem Genitive eōrundemeārundemeōrundem Dative eīsdem Ablative

ī dem (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative eīdem eaedemeadem Accusative e ōsdemeāsdem e a dem Genitive eōrundemeārundemeōrundem Dative eīsdem Ablative eīsdem

hic, haec, hoc The basic meaning is `this/these’ but it is also used to mean `the latter’ (contrasting with ille for `the former’) The word is less irregular than it looks as most of the case forms (apart from the usual pronominal dative singular –i and genitve singular –ius) are the regular 1st/2nd declension ones plus -c (the remains of what was originally a separate word). An m turns into n before this: –*hamc > hanc The feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative/accusative plural are identical - haec

The pronoun is nonetheless weird enough for many people to take it as a bit of a joke. The illustration is from Book 1 of Oulton’s So You Really Want to Learn Latin

hic (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativehichaechoc Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

hic (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativehichaechoc Accusativehunchanchoc Genitive Dative Ablative

hic (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativehichaechoc Accusativehunchanchoc Genitivehuius Dative Ablative

hic (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativehichaechoc Accusativehunchanchoc Genitivehuius Dative huic Ablative

hic (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativehichaechoc Accusativehunchanchoc Genitivehuius Dative huic Ablative hōchāchōc

hic (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative hī haehaec Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

hic (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative hī haehaec Accusative h ōshās haec Genitive Dative Ablative

hic (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative hī haehaec Accusative h ōshās haec Genitive hōrumhārumhōrum Dative Ablative

hic (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative hī haehaec Accusative h ōshās haec Genitive hōrumhārumhōrum Dative hīs Ablative

hic (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative hī haehaec Accusative h ōshās haec Genitive hōrumhārumhōrum Dative hīs Ablative hīs

ille, illa, illud (singular) Basic meaning is `that’, but also means `the former’ (contrasting with hic for `the latter’) Endings are almost all regular, except for the masculine and neuter singular nominative (ille, illud) and the pronominal – īus and –ī for genitive and dative singular This word is the origin for the definite article and the words for he and she in most Romance languages

ille (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeilleillaillud Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ille (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeilleillaillud Accusativeillumillamillud Genitive Dative Ablative

ille (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeilleillaillud Accusativeillumillamillud Genitive illīus Dative Ablative

ille (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeilleillaillud Accusativeillumillamillud Genitive illīus Dative illī Ablative

ille (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeilleillaillud Accusativeillumillamillud Genitive illīus Dative illī Ablative illōillāillō

ille (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative illī illaeilla Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ille (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative illī illaeilla Accusative ill ōsillās illa Genitive Dative Ablative

ille (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative illī illaeilla Accusative ill ōsillās illa Genitive illōrumillārumillōrum Dative Ablative

ille (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative illī illaeilla Accusative ill ōsillās illa Genitive illōrumillārumillōrum Dative illīs Ablative

ille (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative illī illaeilla Accusative ill ōsillās illa Genitive illōrumillārumillōrum Dative illīs Ablative illīs

iste, ista, istud The basic meaning is `that’, in the sense of distant from the speaker but probably near the person being spoken to. It can often be translated as `that…of yours’, with the implication that the object or person described is worthless. –Iste amīcus mē minimē dēlectat. (I don’t at all like that friend of yours) The endings are exactly the same as those of ille

iste (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeisteistaistud Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

iste (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeisteistaistud Accusativeistumistamistud Genitive Dative Ablative

iste (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeisteistaistud Accusativeistumistamistud Genitive istīus Dative Ablative

iste (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeisteistaistud Accusativeistumistamistud Genitive istīus Dative istī Ablative

iste (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeisteistaistud Accusativeistumistamistud Genitive istīus Dative istī Ablative istōistāistō

iste (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative istī istaeista Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

iste (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative istī istaeista Accusative ist ōsistās ista Genitive Dative Ablative

iste (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative istī istaeista Accusative ist ōsistās ista Genitive istōrumistārumistōrum Dative Ablative

iste (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative istī istaeista Accusative ist ōsistās ista Genitive istōrumistārumistōrum Dative istīs Ablative

iste (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative istī istaeista Accusative ist ōsistās ista Genitive istōrumistārumistōrum Dative istīs Ablative istīs

THE EMPHATIC PRONOUN (ipse, ipsa, ipsum ) This pronoun (translatable as himself, herself, itself, themselves etc.) must be carefully distinguished from the reflexive pronoun ( sē, sibi etc.) which is translated into English in exactly the same way. The emphatic pronoun is used simply in order to emphasise another word, NOT to show that the action done by the subject `bends back’ (the meaning of `reflexive’) to affect that subject. –Caesar ipse Cicerōnem laudat (The action done by Caesar affects Cicero, not Caesar) Caesar himself praises Cicero –Caesar sē laudat (Caesar’s action affects Caesar, not someone else) Caesar praises himself The endings are the same as those of ille or iste, except for the neuter nominative and accusative singular (ipsum) and thus identical with the regular endings of an –us, -a, -um adjective except for the masculine nominative singular (ipse) and the typical pronominal endings –ius and – ī in the genitive and dative singular respectively

ipse (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeipseipsaipsum Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ipse (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeipseipsaipsum Accusativeipsumipsamipsum Genitive Dative Ablative

ipse (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeipseipsaipsum Accusativeipsumipsamipsum Genitive ipsīus Dative Ablative

ipse (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeipseipsaipsum Accusativeipsumipsamipsum Genitive ipsīus Dative ipsī Ablative

ipse (singular) MascFemNeut Nominativeipseipsaipsum Accusativeipsumipsamipsum Genitive ipsīus Dative ipsī Ablative ipsōipsāipsō

ipse (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative ipsī ipsaeipsa Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

ipse (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative ipsī ipsaeipsa Accusative ips ōsipsās ipsa Genitive Dative Ablative

ipse (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative ipsī ipsaeipsa Accusative ips ōsipsās ipsa Genitive ipsōrumipsārumipsōrum Dative Ablative

ipse (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative ipsī ipsaeipsa Accusative ips ōsipsās ipsa Genitive ipsōrumipsārumipsōrum Dative ipsīs Ablative

ipse (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative ipsī ipsaeipsa Accusative ips ōsipsās ipsa Genitive ipsōrumipsārumipsōrum Dative ipsīs Ablative ipsīs

THE RELATIVE PRONOUN (quī, quae, quod ) This pronoun (translatable as who, which, whose, that etc.) is used in order to add to a sentence an additional statement about a noun. The pronoun’s case depends on its function within its own clause, and its number and gender upon the noun it refers to. –Rēgīna, quae heri advēnit, nihil dīxit –Rēgīna, quam heri vīdimus, nihil dīxit –Rēgīnae, quibus dōna dedimus, nihil dīxērunt The endings are virtually the same as those of hic with the c left off, except for the neuter nominative and accusative singular (quod), the masculine singular accusative (quem) and the alternative dative and ablative plural (quibus). Another peculiarity is the spelling with initial c rather than q in the genitive and dative singular (cuius, cui) The interrogative pronoun, used in asking questions, is identical to the relative pronoun except for the masculine and feminine nominative singular (quis) and the neuter nominative and accusative singular (quid). The masculine accusative singular quem is also normally used for the feminine also. This pronoun can also be used with the meaning `anyone’ or `anything’ after s ī, nisi, num and nē –Quis pecūniam cēpit? Quid dīxistī? Cuius liber est in mēnsā? –Sī quis silvam intrābit, interficiētur Timeō nē quis dē integritāte meā dubitet The interrogative adjective, which has to be used in a phrase with a noun, has exactly the same forms as the relative pronoun. –Qu ī discipulus fenestram frēgit?Quōs librōs lēgistī?

OTHER Qu- PRONOUNS quīdam/quaedam/quoddam (a certain….) is used adjectivally like a stronger form of the indefinite article (a, an) to introduce a person or thing not mentioned before. It is formed by adding the suffix –dam to the relative pronoun and, as with īdem/eadem/idem, a final m becomes n in front of d (e.g. * quōrumdam > quōrundam). If used as a pronoun, the neuter nom./acc. becomes quiddam (= a certain thing) –Homō quīdam dēscendēbat Hierosolymā in Iericho. –Ad urbem quandam pervēnērunt. –Caesar mihi quiddam dedit. The pronoun aliquis/aliqua/aliquid (someone, something) follows the pattern of the interrogative pronoun except that –a (i.e. the regular ending in –us, -am –um adjectives like bonus) is used in the feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative an accusative plural. –Aliquid bibere v īs? Do you want to drink something? –Servī aliqua ā vīllā portābant. The slaves were fetching some things from the villa. Quisquam/quisquam/quicquam (anyone, anything), which is used in negative sentences, is formed by adding the suffix –quam to the interrogative pronoun. The final d in the neuter nominative/accusative singular changes to c. –Quemquam nōn vīdī. I didn’t see anybody. The indefinite pronoun quisque/quaeque/quidque (quīque/quaeque/ quodque as an adjective), meaning each one, also follows the same pattern but has a separate form in –ae for the nominative singular feminine. Note that the ablative singular masculine/ neuter ( quōque) is distinguished by the long ō from quoque (also). –Qu ōque diē Saturnī convenīmus. We meet every Saturday. –Cu īque dōnum dedit. He gave a present to each one.

OTHER Qu- PRONOUNS (concluded) Finally, the pronoun quīcumque/quaecumque/quodcumque (whoever, whatever etc.) follows the pattern of the relative pronoun quī/quae/quod –In quamcumque domum intraveritis, primum dicite: Pax huic domui In whatever house you have entered, first say `Peace to this house!’ –Quīcumque hunc ānulum diabolicum adeptus erit, magnam clādem patiētur. Whoever has gained possession of this devilish ring will suffer a great disaster.

qu ī (singular) MascFemNeut Nominative qu ī quaequod Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

qu ī (singular) MascFemNeut Nominative qu ī quaequod Accusativequemquamquod Genitive Dative Ablative

qu ī (singular) MascFemNeut Nominative qu ī quaequod Accusativequemquamquod Genitivecuius Dative Ablative

qu ī (singular) MascFemNeut Nominative qu ī quaequod Accusativequemquamquod Genitivecuius Dative cui Ablative

qu ī (singular) MascFemNeut Nominative qu ī quaequod Accusativequemquamquod Genitivecuius Dative cui Ablative quōquāquō

qu ī (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative quī quae Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

qu ī (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative quī quae Accusative qu ōsquās quae Genitive Dative Ablative

qu ī (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative quī quae Accusative qu ōsquās quae Genitive quōrumquārumquōrum Dative Ablative

qu ī (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative quī quae Accusative qu ōsquās quae Genitive quōrumquārumquōrum Dative quīs/quibus Ablative

qu ī (plural) MascFemNeut Nominative quī quae Accusative qu ōsquās quae Genitive quōrumquārumquōrum Dative quīs/quibus Ablative quīs/quibus

EGO, TŪ and SĒ Whilst the English pronouns I and you are often the subject of sentences, ego and tū are not, because their meaning is contained already in the verb endings. The Latin pronouns are therefore generally only used in the nominative when special emphasis is required:. –Caesarem in templō saepe videō. I often see Caesar in the temple –Ego Caesarem in templō saepe videō I often see Caesar in the temple –Comput ā trum frēgistī You broke the computer. –T ū comput ā trum frēgistī You broke the computer The retroflex pronoun sē is used for referring back to the subject when the same person or thing is both performing an action and affected by it. It has to be translated himself, herself, itself or themselves, according to context, and must be distinguished from ipse, which is translated in the same way but used only to emphasise another word. The genitive of these words is not used for simple possession, which is instead expressed by the adjectives meus, tuus and suus –Quis librum meum abstulit?Who took my book away? –Petrus servōs meōs emere volēbatPeter wanted to buy my slaves –Maria amīcās suās invitāvitMary invited her own friends All these pronouns have the ablative singular and accusative singular ending in -e, whilst tū and sē are similar to each other throughout the singular Latin has no special words for myself, yourself etc. and simply uses mē, tē etc. –Tē pulsāvīI hit you- Mē pulsāvī I hit myself

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) Iyouhimself etc. Nominative egotū- Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) Iyouhimself etc. Nominative egotū- Accusative mēmētētēsēsē Genitive Dative Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) Iyouhimself etc. Nominative egotū- Accusative mēmētētēsēsē Genitive meītuīsuī Dative Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) Iyouhimself etc. Nominative egotū- Accusative mēmētētēsēsē Genitive meītuīsuī Dative mihitibisibi Ablative

SINGULAR (I, you, himself/herself/itself) Iyouhimself etc. Nominative egotū- Accusative mēmētētēsēsē Genitive meītuīsuī Dative mihitibisibi Ablative mēmētētēsēsē

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) Iyouthemselves Nominative nōsvōs - Accusative sē Genitive Dative Ablative

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) Iyouthemselves Nominative nōsvōs - Accusative sē Genitive nostrī/ nostrum vestrī/ vestrum suī Dative sibi Ablative sē

PLURAL (we, you, themselves) Iyouthemselves Nominative nōsvōs - Accusative sē Genitive nostrī/ nostrum vestrī/ vestrum suī Dative nōbīs vōbīs sibi Ablative sē