 Translation Creating Protein from mRNA

Protein Structure  Proteins are made of Amino Acids.  There are 20 different Amino Acids.  The sequence of amino acids determines the type of protein  mRNA has the A.A. sequence code from DNA [ Transcription]  Ribosomes read mRNA and join amino acids.

Ribosomes  Ribosomes are made of rRNA  Ribosomes have two parts.

Where are the Ribosomes?

Ribosome Structural Details

tRNA structure

tRNA Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome. Each amino acid has a different tRNA

Codon Interpretation

3 Types of RNA  mRNA copy of the DNA gene  tRNA type of RNA used to make transfer RNA  rRNA type of RNA used to make ribosomes.

Initiation mRNA joins the small ribosomal subunit and this attracts the large subunit to join

Elongation adding additional amino acids in the correct number and sequence.

Termination reaching a termination codon on the DNA that ends transcription. The ribosome can be reused over and over

Steps in Translation  Initiation  Elongation  Termination

Protein Structure primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Protein functions DNA codes for an organisms protein. Every cell has every code but only uses the genes required by that type of cell.  Structural Proteins, muscle fiber, tendon, ligament  Enzymes, speed up or catalyze reactions.  Immune system

Translation joining a number of amino acids into a long molecule that folds into a working protein. 

Virus structure Genetic material, DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.

Viral life cycle

Virus Details  Lytic Cycle  Virus attaches, injects genetic material, host cell copies viral DNA, and makes virus proteins, cell is lysed, cut open to release new virus.  Lysogenic Cycle  Virus attaches, injects genetic material, places the virus DNA into the host DNA, host copies all DNA during cell division.

Retrovirus RNA virus, like aids and Herpes. Injects its RNA and the enzyme reverse transcriptase that makes a copy of DNA from the RNA. This is placed in host DNA.

 lytic lytic 