Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1

Introduction How do you think humans started studying human physiology and anatomy?

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: – the branch of science that deals with the structure (morphology) of body parts Physiology: –the functions of body parts—what they do and how they do it. Why is it difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology? –The structures of body parts are so closely associated with their functions Think of some examples???? Structure determines Function!!!!!

Characteristics of Life Characteristics of life are traits that all living organisms share There are eight characteristics of life that humans share with other organisms: –1. Movement-self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts –2. Responsiveness-Ability to sense changes within or around the organism and react to them –3. Growth-increase in body size –4. Reproduction-Parents produce offspring/producing new individuals –5. Respiration-Obtaining oxygen

Continued… –6. Digestion-Chemically changing food substances, and getting rid of wastes –7. Absorption-passage of digested products through membranes and into body fluids –8. Circulation-movement of substances throughout the body –9. Assimilation-changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances –10. Excretion-Removal of wastes

Characteristics of life Metabolism-The acquisition of food and utilization of its energy, plus excretion How are the characteristics of life dependent on metabolism? –We need food and energy to be able to do all of the characteristics of life

Maintenance of life: Requirements of organisms Life requires certain environmental factors: –1. Water-most abundant compound in body, required for metabolic processes, transports substances, and regulates temperature –2. Foods-provide chemicals and water, used for E, making new living matter, or regulate chemical reactions –3. Oxygen-used to release E from food substances which drives metabolic processes –4. Heat-form of E, product of metabolic reactions –5. Pressure-(application of force to something)helps humans breathe, also used inside body to push blood through blood vessels

Homeostasis Homeostasis: –The body maintaining an internal stable environment (water, nutrients, oxygen & heat all stable) The body does this with homeostatic mechanisms which are self-regulation control systems that have three components: –1. Receptor-provides info about specific conditions (stimuli) in the internal environment –2. Set point- tells what a particular value should be (temperature of body 98.6°F) –3. Effectors-causes responses that alters condition in the internal environment

Homeostasis Negative feedback is a homeostatic mechanism which is activated by an internal imbalance that corrects it It first lessons the set point and corrects it; then it corrects the effectors Think thermostat!!! Very similar to human body (look on pages 6 & 7)

Why is this important to survival? Temperature control animation

Levels of Organization Atoms (C) Molecules (H 2 O) Macromolecules (DNA) Organelle (mitochondria) Cells (somatic) Tissues (epithelial) Organs (stomach) Organ Systems (digestive system) Organism (human) Increase in complexity to each level

Organization of the Human body Human organism is a complex structure composed of many parts It has several body cavities Several layers of membranes And a variety of organ systems

Dorsal Cavity Lateral view

1.Frontal sinus 2.Orbital cavities 3.Nasal Cavity 4.Oral Cavity 5.Cranial Cavity 6.Sphenoidal sinus 7.Middle ear cavity 5 6 7

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic Membrane Peritoneal membrane!!!

Organ systems (11) Body Covering: –Integumentary system Support and Movement: –Skeletal system; Muscular system Integration and Coordination: –Nervous system; endocrine system (glands that secrete hormones) Transport: –Cardiovascular system; Lymphatic system Absorption and Excretion: –Digestive system; respiratory system; urinary system Reproduction: –Reproductive system

Anatomical Terminology: Relative Positions Also Superficial (near surface) and Deep

Those terms are used when we assume the body is in the anatomical position, which is when it is standing erect, face forward, with upper limbs at the sides and the palms forward

Body Sections

Abdominal Body Regions