Overview of SoLID: Solenoidal Large Intensity Device for Precision Study of Nucleon Structure and Test of Standard Model Jian-ping Chen ( 陈剑平 ), Jefferson Lab, Virginia, USA 5 th Hadron-China Workshop, Huangshan, China, 2013  SoLID Physics 12 GeV JLab  Transverse Spin and Transverse Structure: TMDs  Parity Violating DIS  J/  and more  SoLID Instrumentation  Current Status and Plan  SoLID Collaboration acknowledgement: thanks to SoLID collaborators for some slides

SoLID: large acceptance, capable of handling high luminosity (up to~10 39 with baffle, up to ~10 37 without baffle)  Ideal for precision Inclusive-DIS (PVDIS) and SIDIS experiments  Excellent for selected exclusive reactions (ex. J/  ) Five high impact experiments approved (4 with “A” rating, 1 A- rating):  SIDIS: E ( 3 He-T), E ( 3 He-L), E (proton-T)  PVDIS: E (deuteron and proton)  J/  : E Physics Program for SoLID

SoLID Physics Program (I) Transverse Spin and Transverse Structure: TMDs

QCD: Unsolved in Nonperturbative Region 2004 Nobel prize for ``asymptotic freedom’’ non-perturbative regime QCD confinement Nature’s only known truly nonperturbative fundamental theory One of the top 10 challenges for physics! QCD: Important for discovering new physics beyond SM Nucleon: stable lab to study QCD Nucleon structure is one of the most active areas running coupling “constant”

QCD and Nucleon Structure Study Dynamical Chiral Symmetry Breaking Confinement  Responsible for ~98% of the nucleon mass  Higgs mechanism is (almost) irrelevant to light quarks Rapid development in theory  Lattice QCD  Dyson-Schwinger  Ads/CFT: Holographic QCD  …… Direct comparisons limited to  Moments  Tensor charge  … Direct comparison becomes possible  Experimental data with predictions from theory Mass from nothing! C.D. Roberts, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 61 (2008) 50Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 61 (2008) 50 M. Bhagwat & P.C. Tandy, AIP Conf.Proc. 842 (2006) AIP Conf.Proc. 842 (2006)

Hall-A Collaboration Meeting: June 2013 Craig Roberts: Mapping Parton Structure and Correlations (62p) 6  Established an one-to-one connection between DCSB and the pointwise form of the pion’s wave function.  Dilation measures the rate at which dressed-quark approaches the asymptotic bare-parton limit  Experiments at JLab12 can empirically verify the behaviour of M(p), and hence chart the IR limit of QCD C.D. Roberts, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 61 (2008) 50Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 61 (2008) 50 Dilation of pion’s wave function is measurable in pion’s electromagnetic form factor at JLab12 A-rated: E E Imaging dynamical chiral symmetry breaking: pion wave function on the light front, Lei Chang, et al., arXiv: [nucl-th], Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) (2013) [5 pages].arXiv: [nucl-th]Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 (2013) (2013) [5 pages] Pion’s valence-quark Distribution Amplitude Dyson-Schwinger

A new proposal Using the IMF formalism. Using the IMF formalism. Start with static correlation in the z-direction. Start with static correlation in the z-direction. X. Ji, to be published X. Ji, to be published First exploratory study by Huey-Wen Lin presented at First exploratory study by Huey-Wen Lin presented at the QCD Evolution Workshop at JLab, May Lattice QCD

The extension of the approach GPDs GPDs TMDs TMDs

Leading-Twist TMD PDFs f 1 = f 1T  = Sivers Helicity g 1 = h1 =h1 = Transversity h1 =h1 =Boer-Mulders h 1T  = Pretzelosity h 1L  = Worm Gear : Survive trans. Momentum integration Nucleon Spin Quark Spin g 1T = Worm Gear

Status of Transverse Spin/Structure Study Large single spin asymmetry in pp->  X (Fermi, RHIC-spin) Collins Asymmetries - sizable for the proton (HERMES and COMPASS) large at high x,  - and  has opposite sign  unfavored Collins fragmentation as large as favored (opposite sign)? - consistent with 0 for the deuteron (COMPASS) Sivers Asymmetries - non-zero for  + from proton (HERMES), new COMPASS data - consistent with zero for  - from proton and for all channels from deuteron - large for K + ? - sign mismatch? Collins Fragmentation from Belle Global Fits/models: Anselmino et al., Yuan et al., Pasquini et al., Ma et al., … TMD evolution, a lot of progress in the last couple years Very active theoretical and experimental efforts JLab (6 GeV and 12 GeV), RHIC-spin, Belle, FAIR, J-PARC, EIC, … First neutron measurement from Hall A 6 GeV (E06-010) SoLID with polarized p and n( 3 He) at JLab 12 GeV Unprecedented precision with high luminosity and large acceptance Jin Huang Gunar Schnell

JLab 12 GeV Era: Precision Study of TMDs From exploration to precision study with 12 GeV JLab Transversity: fundamental PDFs, tensor charge TMDs: 3-d momentum structure of the nucleon  Quark orbital angular momentum Multi-dimensional mapping of TMDs 4-d (x,z,P ┴,Q 2 ) Multi-facilities, global effort Precision  high statistics high luminosity and large acceptance

Nucleon Structure (TMDs) with SoLID Semi-inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering program: Large Acceptance + High Luminosity + Polarized targets  4-D mapping of asymmetries  Tensor charge, TMDs …  Lattice QCD, QCD Dynamics, Models. International collaboration (8 countries, 50+ institutes and 190+ collaborators) Rapid Growth in US‐China Collaboration Chinese Hadron collaboration (USTC, CIAE, PKU, Tsinghua U, Lanzhou, IMP,+) - large GEM trackers - MRPC-TOF 3 A rated SIDIS experiments approved for SoLID with 2 having Chinese collaborators as co-spokesperson (Li from CIAE and Yan from USTC) Solenoidal Large Intensity Device (SoLID)

SoLID Collaborators from China

Mapping of Collins/Siver Asymmetries with SoLID E He(n), Spokespersons: J. P. Chen, H. Gao, X. Jiang, J-C. Peng, X. Qian E (p), Spokespersons: K. Allda, J. P. Chen, H. Gao, X. Li, Z-E. Mezinai Both  + and  - Precision Map in region x( ) z( ) Q 2 (1-8) P T (0-1.6) <10% u/d quark tensor charge

Expected Improvement: Sivers Function Significant Improvement in the valence quark (high-x) region Illustrated in a model fit (from A. Prokudin) f 1T  =

E : Worm-gear functions (‘A’ rating: ) Spokespersons: J. P. Chen/J. Huang/Y. Qiang/ W. Yan Dominated by real part of interference between L=0 (S) and L=1 (P) states No GPD correspondence Lattice QCD -> Dipole Shift in mom. space. Model Calculations -> h 1L  =? -g 1T. h 1L  = g 1T = Longi-transversity Trans-helicity Center of points:

Measure Transversity via Dihadron with SoLID LOI to JLab PAC 40, J. Zhang, J. P. Chen, A. Courtoy, H. Gao Wide x b and Q 2 coverages Projected Statistics error for one (M ,z  ) bin, integrated over all y and Q 2. Precision dihadron (  +/  -) production on a transversely polarized 3 He (n) Extract transversity on neutron Provide crucial inputs for flavor separation of transversity

Discussion Unprecedented precision 4-d mapping of SSA Collins and Sivers  +,  - and K +, K - Three “A” rated SIDIS experiments (p and n) with SoLID +LOI Reach ultimate precision: high luminosity and large acceptance Study factorization with x and z-dependences Study P T dependence Combining with the world data extract transversity and fragmentation functions for both u and d quarks determine tensor charges study TMDs in the valence region study quark orbital angular momentum study Q 2 evolution Global efforts (experimentalists and theorists), global analysis much better understanding of multi-d nucleon structure and QCD Long-term future: EIC to map sea and gluon SSAs

SoLID Physics Program (II) Parity Violating Deep Inelastic Scattering Precision Test of Standard Model and Precision Study of Hadron Properties

PVDIS with SoLID E : Contact Person: P. Souder High Luminosity on LD2 and LH2 Better than 1% errors for small bins over large range kinematics Test of Standard Model Quark structure: charge symmetry violation quark-gluon correlations d/u at large-x Nilanga Liyanaga

12 GeV PVDIS Sensitivity: C 1 and C 2 Plots Cs PVDIS Qweak PVDIS World’s data Precision Data 6 GeV

QCD: Charge Symmetry Violation We already know CSV exists: u-d mass differenceδm = m d -m u ≈ 4 MeV δM = M n -M p ≈ 1.3 MeV electromagnetic effects Direct observation of CSV—very exciting! Important implications for PDF’s Could be a partial explanation of the NuTeV anomaly For A PV in electron- 2 H DIS: Broad χ 2 minimum (90% CL) MRST PDF global with fit of CSV Martin, Roberts, Stirling, Thorne Eur Phys J C35, 325 (04) MRST (2004)

QCD: Higher Twist From the Quark Parton Model (QPM) to QCD 1.Add DGLAP evolution 2.Add higher order terms in the Operator Product Expansion (OPE)↔Higher Twist Terms Parton Model— leading twist Di-quarks Quark-gluon diagram What is a true quark-gluon operator? Quark-gluon operators correspond to transverse momentum QCD equations of motion

PVDIS on the Proton: d/u at High x Deuteron analysis has large nuclear corrections (Yellow) A PV for the proton has no such corrections (complementary to BONUS/MARATHON) 3-month run

SoLID-J/  : Study Non-Perturbative Gluons Quark Energy Trace Anomaly Gluon Energy Quark Mass N/cm 2 /s J/ψ: ideal probe of non-perturbative gluon The high luminosity & large acceptance capability of SoLID enables a unique “precision” measurement near threshold Search for threshold enhancement Shed light on the conformal anomaly X. Ji PRL (1995) Zhiwen Zhao

SoLID Instrumentation Magnet, Detectors, DAQs, Simulations

SoLID Instrumentation

 Magnet options studied: (UVa+Argonne+JLab)  First narrowed from 6 options to 2, CLEO/BaBar/CDF/ZEUS/Glue-X/New  CLEO or BaBar Both satisfy needs, both available  Talked to both parties, obtained information Detailed discussion with CLEO Field study, force study, Engineering study, including cost estimation Site visit  CLEO was chosen  Discussion with DOE  Position paper sent to DOE, just got favorable response  Will move the magnet to JLab in 2014/2015  Refurbish Solenoidal Magnet

 Tracking: GEMs:  Five Chinese groups+ US side: UVa/Temple  Conceptual design mostly complete  R&D on-going, together with SuperBigBite, EIC projects  e/pi separation (I) Electromagnetic Calorimeter (UVa+Los Almos+ W&M)  COMPASS style Shashlyk calorimeter  e/pi separation (II) light gas Cherenkov (Temple)  Magnetic field effect, performance studied, in-beam test  Conceptual design complete, supporting structure  pi/K separation (I) heavy gas Cherenkov (Duke)  Field effect, performance studied  Conceptual design complete, supporting structure  pi/K separation(II) MRPC (Tsinghua)  In-beam test, publication Detectors: Overview Y. Wang GEM session

 50:1  suppression, radiation hard  COMPASS style Shashlyk calorimeter chosen over Sci-Fi and other options  New preshower design, including scintillator for photon suppression  Hexagon shape for easy supporting  Simulation with realistic background, impact on DAQ is under study Electromagnetic Calorimeter

 Light gas Chereonkov,  100:1  suppression  P=2-4 GeV (PVDIS), GeV (SIDIS)  C 4 F 8 O/N 2 mix as radiator for PVDIS  CO 2 for SIDIS  PMT performance in field carefully studied  With mu-metal shielding, H8500C Hamamatsu maPMT satisfy needs  Mirror design for both configurations, CFRP with Al+MgF 2 coating  Simulation with realistic background, impact on DAQ is under study  Heavy gas Cherenkov,  100:1 Kaon suppression  P = GeV  C 4 F 8 O at 1.5 atm  Mirror: Al +MgF 2 coating  Both  + and  - Gas Cheronkov

Strong International Collaboration:  8 countries, 50+ institutes and 190+ collaborators  10 Chinese institutions, contribute to GEMs (5), MRPC Magnet:  CLEO magnet chosen, engineering study, position paper to DOE Simulations: full package with GEANT4,  physics, background, neutrons, detector design, … Detectors: “finalized” conceptual design  light Cherenkov, heavy Cherenkov, GEMs, MRPC  calorimeters (shashlyk), forward and large-angle Baffle, DAQ Targets, Beam Polarimetry Director’s review: early fall, charge available 1 st draft of Pre-Conceptual Design Report ready Schedule: review/MIE 2013, DOE approval (CD) process , construction , experiments starts in 2018? great opportunities for new groups / young people SoLID Status and Plan

Institution board: representatives from collaborating groups Execute committee: Jian-ping Chen, Haiyan Gao, Zein-Eddine Meziani, Paul Souder Chair: P. Souder Projector Manager: Jian-ping Chen Technical Committee: Jian-ping Chen (Chair), Paul Souder, Haiyan Gao, Zein-Eddine Meziani, Paul Reimer, Eugene Chudakov, Nilanga Liyanage, Xiaochao Zheng, Zhengguo Zhao, Xiaodong Jiang, Alexandre Camsonne, Tom Hemmick, Xin Qian. 19 Subsystems: Owners/groups identified. New groups welcome. Collaboration Organization

Summary A challenge: Understand Strong QCD New development: direct comparison of experiments with theory Needs multi (transverse) dimension Needs precision: high luminosity and large acceptance JLab 12 GeV: exciting physics program 4 “A” rated, 1 “A-” rated experiments approved SIDIS: Precision extraction of transversity/tensor charge/ TMDs PVDIS: low energy test of standard model and hadron properties J/  threshold production: study gluons LOIs/Future proposals (di-hadron, TCS) Exciting new opportunities  lead to breakthroughs? New collaborators welcome