Energy Storage Technology Options for Distribution Networks – More than just the economic cost USAEE – Anchorage Craig Froome, Liam Wagner and John Foster July /gciuq

Project Federal Government Solar Flagships Program 3.275MW Solar Research Array Flat panel with single and dual axis tracking Battery Storage on both AC and DC side But what storage options?

What are we doing at UQ?

Global Cumulative Installed Capacity Source: IRENA 2012

Data Modeling

Capex with respect to Power and Energy Provision

Levelised Cost of Energy LCOE J = Levelised Cost of Energy for Technology TOC J = Total Operating Cost O&M J = Operations and Maintenance Costs (All Fixed in this study) RE(t) J = Renewable Energy Certificates (~$40/MWh Sent out) WACC= Weighted Average Cost of Capital (Post-tax Real ~7.23%) CAPEX J = Capital Cost SO(t) J = Energy Sent out to the Grid CPI(t) r = CPI applied to revenue stream 1.875% (ie. 75% of prevailing CPI 2.5%)

Size CyclesLifeDoD Efficiency Total Cost Energy Cost Power CostFOM (kW) (kWh) (years)%Energy(%) ($Mill) ($/kWh)($/kW)$/year Lead Acid % ,228 2, Lead Carbon % , Lead VRLA GEL % , Lithium Ion % ,082 2, Lithium-Iron-Phosphate % , Lithium-Nickel-Magnesium- Cobolt-Oxide % Lithium-Polymer % , Lithium-Titanum-Oxide % Molten Salt % , Nickel-Cadmium % Zinc-Bromide % , Battery Technical Specifications

Levelised Cost of Storage

Future Cost of storage is decreasing and through learnings (and greater deployment) will continue to decrease in next decade. Large-scale deployment of renewable technologies can not happen without storage. Technology choice will be dependent on use – different technologies do have different purposes.

Thank You Craig Froome Global Change Institute The University of Queensland Phone: Fax: