William T Forbes Kaplan University

When to cite?  Whenever you are referring to an idea that is not uniquely your own, one that has been drawn from another source, you must “cite” that idea as someone else’s. The most common example is from a periodical or book: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005).

When to cite?  The citation follows the expression of the idea; typically at the end of a sentence (an exception would be when you express two or more ideas in one sentence: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005). This is the citation

When to cite?  The order of the citation is important, and should include, in parenthesis, the author’s name, a comma, and the year of publication: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005). Author nameYear

When to cite?  You must cite the particular book each time you draw from it; not just the first time you use it in a text.

When to cite?  If your citation refers to a specific page or pages, you should also include that in your citation: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005, p. 48). Page number

When to cite?  Important: if you directly quote a text, you must put the quote in quotation marks: “Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department” according to one source (Jones, 2005, p. 48). Note the gray portion is a direct quote from the Jones source

When to cite?  As mentioned earlier, you might have two ideas from two different sources (notice the placement of the first citation after the first idea): Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005, p. 48) as well as teaching citizens how to handle their own crime problems (Smith, 1998). 2nd “idea”

When to cite?  Almost without exception, your in-text citation should “connect” to an entry in your reference list toward the end of your paper. Reference list formats are covered later : Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, 2005, p. 48). Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing. Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc. Reference list

When to cite?  You may also at times refer to works without the parenthesis, if it “flows” better with your paper: Jones has stated that community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (2005, p. 48). Note the author is left out because it was mentioned earlier in the sentence

When to cite?  Here is another example of not using parenthesis: In 1998, Jones reported that community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (p. 48). In this instance the author and the year are mentioned in the prior sentence. The page number (specific to the idea) is the only citation listing. If you are referring to the entire work’s idea, you might not even have the page number in parenthesis.

Examples: No authors  What if your source does not have an author listed anywhere? You will list the first few words of the title of the work: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (“Policing in Action”, 2005). Title synopsis

Examples: No date  What if your source does not have a publish date listed anywhere? You will list the author, and “n.d.” for “no date”: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, n.d.). n.d. = “no date” Note: if you don’t have an author or a date, your citation might read: (“Policing in Action”, n.d.)

Examples: Two authors  Your book or periodical might have more than one author. You must list both authors every time you draw and idea from that particular source: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones & Smith, 2005, p. 48). 2nd Author

Examples: Three to Six Authors  If you have three to six authors, you cite two different ways. The first time you cite the source, you list all authors: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, Smith, & White, 2005).  Each additional time you cite this source in your paper, you only list the first author, and follow it up with “et al.”: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (Jones, et al.). “et al.” stands for “and others”

Examples: Agency as Author  Perhaps you have a source that lists an agency, such as a government agency, as the author (and not an individual). In this instance you simply list that agency within the citation: Community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (U.S. Department of Justice, 2005). Agency listed

Examples: Personal Communications  Personal communications, such as s, interviews, phone interviews, etc. are cited within your text, but they are NOT listed in the reference list: Arthur Jones stated that community policing involves developing a relationship between citizens and the police department (personal communication, May 8th, 2005). This will NOT be listed in the reference list

Important Points  You must “credit” others for their work; APA will do this for you  If this credit isn’t given, you might be committing plagiarism  You must connect your citations to a link in the reference list (with the exception of personal interviews)

Important Points  Consult the APA Publication Manual or esearch/r_apa.html (Purdue University’s English Lab APA website) for further information. This Powerpoint is merely a basic primer in APA formatting.