The Enlightenment ( ) Also known as: The Age of Reason or Age of Enlightenment

European Agriculture before the Enlightenment European Agriculture before the Enlightenment Collective community. Collective community. “people belonged to the land, the land did not belong to the people”. “people belonged to the land, the land did not belong to the people”. European farming families would farm on a common area. European farming families would farm on a common area. Each family would get an area to farm on the communal land. Each family would get an area to farm on the communal land.

Enclosures Acts Majority took place between 1750 and Majority took place between 1750 and They removed the local rights of citizens to land. They removed the local rights of citizens to land. Land became privately owned. Land became privately owned.

Economic and Societal Impact Land began being privately owned. Land began being privately owned. This meant that less people, especially the working class had access to farms. This meant that less people, especially the working class had access to farms. Working class and poor working class had to move into cities. Working class and poor working class had to move into cities. Enclosures Acts really helped start the industrial revolution. Enclosures Acts really helped start the industrial revolution.

Rise of Intellectuals Literacy in England in 1600’s Literacy in France in 1600’s Males: Around 30 Males: Around 30 Females: Around 10%Females: Around 15% Males: Around 30 Males: Around 30 Females: Around 10%Females: Around 15% Literacy in England by 1750 Literacy in France by 1750 Males: 60%Males: 48% Females: 30%Females: 27% What factors do you think lead to an increase in both literacy and printing production? (Hint, think about the industrial revolution, as well as individual property and writing.

Changing Copyright The enlightenment saw a great change in publishing. The enlightenment saw a great change in publishing. Before 1710 in England, only the Stationers Company (a collection of publishers) were legally able to publish. Before 1710 in England, only the Stationers Company (a collection of publishers) were legally able to publish. This company was responsible for censoring literary works. They wielded tremendous power.

Statute of Anne-1710 Copyright became regulated by the court and government. Copyright became regulated by the court and government. Copyright became vested in authors as apposed to the publishers. Only the authors and the publishers they chose were able to publish works. Copyright became vested in authors as apposed to the publishers. Only the authors and the publishers they chose were able to publish works. This act was monumental. It greatly increased the freedom of expression of authors in England. This act was monumental. It greatly increased the freedom of expression of authors in England.

The Old Regime (Ancien Regime) Old Regime – socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18 th century Old Regime – socio-political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18 th century Countries were ruled by absolutism – the monarch had absolute control over the government Countries were ruled by absolutism – the monarch had absolute control over the government Classes of people – privileged and unprivileged Classes of people – privileged and unprivileged –Unprivileged people – paid taxes and treated badly –Privileged people – did not pay taxes and treated well

Society under the Old Regime In France, people were divided into three estates In France, people were divided into three estates –First Estate  High-ranking members of the Church  Privileged class –Second Estate  Nobility  Privileged class –Third Estate  Everyone else – from peasants in the countryside to wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the cities  Unprivileged class

The Three Estates EstatePopulationPrivilegesExemptionsBurdens First Circa 130,000 Circa 130,000 High-ranking clergy High-ranking clergy Collected the tithe Collected the tithe Censorship of the press Censorship of the press Control of education Control of education Kept records of births, deaths, marriages, etc. Kept records of births, deaths, marriages, etc. Catholic faith held honored position of being the state religion (practiced by monarch and nobility) Catholic faith held honored position of being the state religion (practiced by monarch and nobility) Owned 20% of the land Owned 20% of the land Paid no taxes Paid no taxes Subject to Church law rather than civil law Subject to Church law rather than civil law Moral obligation (rather than legal obligation) to assist the poor and needy Moral obligation (rather than legal obligation) to assist the poor and needy Support the monarchy and Old Regime Support the monarchy and Old Regime Second Circa 110,000 Circa 110,000 Nobles Nobles Collected taxes in the form of feudal dues Collected taxes in the form of feudal dues Monopolized military and state appointments Monopolized military and state appointments Owned 20% of the land Owned 20% of the land Paid no taxes Paid no taxes Support the monarchy and Old Regime Support the monarchy and Old Regime Third Circa 25,000,000 Circa 25,000,000 Everyone else: artisans, bourgeoisie, city workers, merchants, peasants, etc., along with many parish priests Everyone else: artisans, bourgeoisie, city workers, merchants, peasants, etc., along with many parish priests None None Paid all taxes Paid all taxes Tithe (Church tax) Tithe (Church tax) Octrot (tax on goods brought into cities) Octrot (tax on goods brought into cities) Corvée (forced road work) Corvée (forced road work) Capitation (poll tax) Capitation (poll tax) Vingtiéme (income tax) Vingtiéme (income tax) Gabelle (salt tax) Gabelle (salt tax) Taille (land tax) Taille (land tax) Feudal dues for use of local manor’s winepress, oven, etc. Feudal dues for use of local manor’s winepress, oven, etc.

Les Philosophes A group of mainly French philosophers. A group of mainly French philosophers. Inspired by the works of Pierre Bayle, who published the Historical and Critical Dictionary in Inspired by the works of Pierre Bayle, who published the Historical and Critical Dictionary in They decided to write a series of books called Encyclopedia. It’s full name was: They decided to write a series of books called Encyclopedia. It’s full name was: Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, mis en ordre par M. Diderot de l'Académie des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Prusse, et quant à la partie mathématique, par M. d'Alembert de l'Académie royale des Sciences de Paris, de celle de Prusse et de la Société royale de Londres. Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, mis en ordre par M. Diderot de l'Académie des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Prusse, et quant à la partie mathématique, par M. d'Alembert de l'Académie royale des Sciences de Paris, de celle de Prusse et de la Société royale de Londres.

Encyclopedia: or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, by a Company of Men of Letters, arranged by M. Diderot of the Academy of Sciences and Belles-lettres of Prussia: as to the Mathematical Portion, arranged by M. d'Alembert of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, to the Academy of Sciences in Prussia and to the Royal Society of London." Encyclopedia: or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts, by a Company of Men of Letters, arranged by M. Diderot of the Academy of Sciences and Belles-lettres of Prussia: as to the Mathematical Portion, arranged by M. d'Alembert of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, to the Academy of Sciences in Prussia and to the Royal Society of London."Belles-lettres

The Encyclopedia The first and most recognized encyclopedia published in France starting in 1751 and completed in It was written by 300 various individuals and included 72, 000 articles. It was divided into three categories: Memory (History), Reason and Imagination Notable authors: Jean-Jacques Rousseau Voltaire

The Encyclopedia Focus on science and reason as opposed to the knowledge of God meant these books were condemned by religious figures. Focus on science and reason as opposed to the knowledge of God meant these books were condemned by religious figures.

Les Philosophes Voltaire – English Letters; The Age of Louis XIV; Candide Voltaire – English Letters; The Age of Louis XIV; Candide Alexander Pope – Essay on Man Alexander Pope – Essay on Man Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Discourse on the Origin of Inequality; The Social Conract; Emile. Jean-Jacques Rousseau – Discourse on the Origin of Inequality; The Social Conract; Emile. Adam Smith – An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Adam Smith – An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

Voltaire Lived in England. Lived in England. In the English Letters, he praised the “freedom” of the English In the English Letters, he praised the “freedom” of the English Attacked the Catholic Church Attacked the Catholic Church Praised the English for honouring early philosophers like Bacon, Locke, and Burke. Praised the English for honouring early philosophers like Bacon, Locke, and Burke.

Voltaire In The age of Louis XIV, he claimed that the era of Louis XIV was one of the 4 best in human history: Athenian Greece, Roman Empire, Italian Renaissance In The age of Louis XIV, he claimed that the era of Louis XIV was one of the 4 best in human history: Athenian Greece, Roman Empire, Italian Renaissance He hated the idea that the world was arbitrary. He did not think that the world was ordered. He hated the idea that the world was arbitrary. He did not think that the world was ordered.

Jean Jacques Rousseau He wrote The Social Contract in “Man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” He wrote The Social Contract in “Man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” He believed that people were “sovereign” even if they elect a government. He believed that people were “sovereign” even if they elect a government. There was a general will and it must be followed. There was a general will and it must be followed.

He was also a big believer in education for children. He thought they were special and needed to be developed. He was also a big believer in education for children. He thought they were special and needed to be developed.

Adam Smith Most philosophes did not concern themselves with economics. Most philosophes did not concern themselves with economics. Adam Smith focused his writings on this subject. He wrote the Wealth of Nations. Adam Smith focused his writings on this subject. He wrote the Wealth of Nations.

He thought that the best way to gain wealth was to encourage competition and free-trade. The market would be regulated by supply and demand. He called the self- regulation, “the Invisible hand.” He thought that the best way to gain wealth was to encourage competition and free-trade. The market would be regulated by supply and demand. He called the self- regulation, “the Invisible hand.” He was very against mercantilism. He was very against mercantilism. He believed everyone was free to pursue their own interests He believed everyone was free to pursue their own interests

Salons Periodic social gatherings at local cafés (salons). Discussions between writers, artists and philosophers. Periodic social gatherings at local cafés (salons). Discussions between writers, artists and philosophers. The wealthy, but not necessarily the aristocrats. It was the ‘nouveaux riche’ (new money). The wealthy, but not necessarily the aristocrats. It was the ‘nouveaux riche’ (new money). The educated and wealthy individuals discussed social, religious, artistic and educational issues. The educated and wealthy individuals discussed social, religious, artistic and educational issues. Can anyone think of a contemporary example of a Salon Atmosphere? (Hint: American politics are heavily influenced by them) Can anyone think of a contemporary example of a Salon Atmosphere? (Hint: American politics are heavily influenced by them)

Enlightened Despotism There were rulers in Europe who wanted to their governments to run better and to help their economies grow. -Why do you think they wanted this? There were rulers in Europe who wanted to their governments to run better and to help their economies grow. -Why do you think they wanted this? Using principles from the Enlightenment, they reformed several parts of their government. Using principles from the Enlightenment, they reformed several parts of their government.

Joseph II (Austria) ( ) Joseph II (Austria) ( ) Catherine the Great (Russia) ( ) Catherine the Great (Russia) ( ) Charles III (Spain) ( ) Charles III (Spain) ( ) Jose I (Portugal) ( ) Jose I (Portugal) ( )

Frederick II (the Great) Frederick was the ruler of Prussia, the biggest of the German states within the HRE. Frederick was the ruler of Prussia, the biggest of the German states within the HRE. He was a poet, musician, and composer. He was a poet, musician, and composer. He wrote letters to Voltaire. He wrote letters to Voltaire.

He was a hard worker that wanted his state to do well. He was a hard worker that wanted his state to do well. Enlightened Despots still had absolute power, but thought they should do good things with it. Enlightened Despots still had absolute power, but thought they should do good things with it. He said… He said…

“…a sovereign is not elevated to his high position…in order that he may live in lazy luxury, enriching himself by the labour of his people, being happy while everyone else suffers. The sovereign is the first servant of the state. He is well paid in order that he may sustain the dignity of his office, but one demands that he work…for the good of the state, and that he, at the very least, pay personal attention to the most important problems.” “…a sovereign is not elevated to his high position…in order that he may live in lazy luxury, enriching himself by the labour of his people, being happy while everyone else suffers. The sovereign is the first servant of the state. He is well paid in order that he may sustain the dignity of his office, but one demands that he work…for the good of the state, and that he, at the very least, pay personal attention to the most important problems.”

Civil and criminal law codes started to be written. Civil and criminal law codes started to be written. Prison reform was introduced, tortures were being banned (awww  ) Prison reform was introduced, tortures were being banned (awww  )

Closing Questions We have seen so much emphasis on personal property and rights. In countries such as England and France that were controlled by a monarchy does it seem inevitable that revolutions were to begin? We know that the enlightenment was primarily focused on reason, but what do you think that the next era: Romanticism was focused on? (Hint: What is the opposite of reason and science).

The End