Sub topic (c) Control and Management The Biosphere Sub topic (c) Control and Management Name Teacher

Pollution Pollution happens when substances contaminate (harm) the environment. Pollution affects air, fresh water, sea and land – our air is no longer pure, our seas are a dumping ground and our land contains lots of man made waste

Sources of pollution The main sources of pollution are domestic, agricultural and industrial. Domestic – sewage and rubbish e.g. plastic Agricultural – fertilisers and pesticides Industrial – smoke and gases from factories and power stations

Energy Sources and pollution (C) Lots of our energy is generated by burning fossil fuels such as coal , oil and gas. These fuels are non renewable and supplies will run out Burning releases harmful gases into the air e.g. Sulphur dioxide – causes acid rain Carbon monoxide – which is poisonous Carbon dioxide – leads to global warming

Energy Sources and pollution (C) Some of our energy is generated by nuclear power stations. This leads to the formation of nuclear waste which is very dangerous - It can enter food chains Can cause cancers Has to be stored safely for hundreds of years

Controlling pollution Pollution can be controlled by Reducing the burning of fossil fuels and using alternative energy sources e.g. wind Removing harmful gases from factory chimneys using special equipment before release into the air (SCRUBBING)

Organic waste Pollution Organic waste e.g. sewage is a food source for micro organisms. If organic waste increases in a river/sea then it means an increase in micro organisms which rapidly use up the oxygen in the water leading to less oxygen in the water for other organisms e.g. fish

Testing River Water for Bacteria Methylene blue is a blue dye that shows us how much oxygen is in a sample of water. The blue dye loses its colour and becomes colourless as oxygen is used up. If your water sample is polluted by lots of dangerous bacteria, the oxygen will be used up and the blue colour will disappear

Blue gone Oxygen low Pollution high Blue Oxygen high Pollution low Water sample Dye added Loses colour Blue Oxygen high Pollution low Water sample Still blue Dye added

Wear goggles for this experiment Now its Your Turn Wear goggles for this experiment And gloves goggles samples of polluted and unpolluted water methylene blue 2 screw top bottles oil + dropper Collect;

What To Do Label your bottles Add a different sample to each bottle polluted Label your bottles Add a different sample to each bottle Add methylene blue Mix gently then add a few drops of oil to form a layer on the surface 3. Examine at end of period 4. Examine again next day oil polluted unpolluted

Effect of Pollution (c) Organic pollution enters water Effect of Pollution (c) Number of micro organisms increases More food for micro organisms Clean river Micro organisms use up lots of oxygen Number of species present is reduced as most organisms die due to a lack of oxygen Low level of oxygen in water

Indicator Species (C) Some fresh water invertebrate animals are very sensitive to the level of oxygen in water. If oxygen is used up by large numbers of micro organisms feeding on pollution these organisms will die. Organisms that can give information on pollution /environment are called indicator species Stonefly nymphs are only found in unpolluted water Caddis fly larvae can survive in slightly polluted water

Indicator Species (C) Some species can tolerate low levels of oxygen and can indicate polluted water if there are no species such as stonefly nymphs or caddis fly larvae present in the water then there is little oxygen and the water is polluted. Blood worms can be found in polluted water Rat tailed maggots can survive in heavily polluted water

Lichens as Indicator Species (C) Shrubby lichens can only live in unpolluted air Leafy and crusty lichens can tolerate some sulphur dioxide in the air Shrubby lichens Leafy lichens Crusty lichens

Management of natural resources Pollution is an example of bad management, others are; Natural resource Poor management Problem caused Improvements reduced numbers of fish introducing fish quotas fish stocks overfishing 1. soil erosion destruction to provide crops increase the productivity of existing farmland rainforest 2. loss of soil fertility 3. loss of plant species

Agricultural Management (C) _____________ was used in the past Crop Rotation This ; 1. __________________________ 2. ____________________________ prevents build up of disease allows nutrient levels to recover Today farmers produce higher yields by using _________ to control pests and disease, and to return nutrients to the soil before planting e.g. soil fertility ---- _________ replace phosphates and nitrates removed by harvesting plants. chemicals fertilisers

Different plants have _______ nutrient requirements. Long rooted plants remove nutrients from _______ soil than short rooted plants, so planting a ________ crop each year for four years allows the same land to be used ____________ before ________. Crop rotation different deeper different several times depletion clover wheat turnips barley Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Clover is not harvested Clover is not harvested. It is a leguminous plant --- it has root nodules containing bacteria which ____atmospheric nitrogen, converting it into_______. When the clover is ploughed into the ground it______________________. ‘fix’ nitrate replenishes soil nitrate Clover – a leguminous plant root nodules

Agricultural Management (C) Disease / pest control ----- 3 types of pesticide are sprayed onto crops ; 1. ____________________________________ 2. ____________________________________ 3. ____________________________________ insecticides – to kill insect pests fungicides – to kill fungus herbicides – to kill weeds R.I.P

Quick Test 1 What is pollution? Name 4 ecosystems affected by pollution. Name the three sources of pollution. Give an example of domestic pollution. Give an example of agricultural pollution. Give an example of industrial pollution. When substances harm the environment Air, fresh water, sea, land Domestic agricultural industrial Sewage , rubbish Fertilisers, pesticides Smoke, gases fromfactories

Quick Test 2 Name two ways of generating electricity? Name two harmful gases released by burning fossil fuels. What are the dangers of nuclear waste? Give two ways of controlling pollution. Give an example of organic pollution. Describe what happens when organic pollution enters a river. Burning fossil fuels/ nuclear power Sulphur dioxide. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide Can enter food chains, cause cancers, stored for hundreds of years Reducing fossil fuels/ alternative energy sources, removing harmful gases Sewage Increase in microbes use up lots of oxygen Low level of oxygen fish die due to lack of oxygen

Quick Test 3 What is an indicator species? Name two invertebrates that can only be found in unpolluted water. Name two invertebrates that can be found in polluted water? Why is there a lack of oxygen in polluted water. Why are lichens pollution indicator species? Organisms that give information on pollution/ environment Stonefly nymph, caddis fly larvae Blood worms. Rat tailed maggot Large numbers of micobes use up the oxygen Lichens cannot live in polluted air/ high levels of sulphur dioxide

Quick Test 4 Give two examples of bad management of natural resources? What problem does overfishing cause? How can overfishing be controlled? Why does agricultural land lose minerals / fertility? How does a farmer increase soil minerals. How does a farmer control weeds and animal pests Over fishing /destruction of rainforest / pollution Reduced numbers of fish species Introduce fish quotas Crop removed so no recycling Adds fertiliser / manure/ crop rotation Sprays herbicides (weedkiller) / pesticides