Chemotherapeutic Agents, chapter 34-39 Antibacterial compounds (procaryotes) Antifungal compounds (eucarytotes) Antiparasitic agents (eucarytotes) Antiviral.

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Presentation transcript:

Chemotherapeutic Agents, chapter Antibacterial compounds (procaryotes) Antifungal compounds (eucarytotes) Antiparasitic agents (eucarytotes) Antiviral compounds Anticancer compounds

Different living organisms

Antibacterial compounds, chapter 34 (- antimycobacterials) Synthitic antibacterials (chemotherapeutica) Antibiotics Product from metabolism (natural product) (also applies if compd is prepared synthetically, or is a synthetic analog of a naturally occuring antibiotic/ semisynthetic compd) Inhibit growth (bacteriostatic) or kill (bacteriocide) microorg. Effective in low conc. Antimicrobial chemotherapeutics: Antimicrobial comp ≠ Antibiotics

G+ and G- bacteria

Synthetic antibacterials (chemotherapeutica) Antibacterial sulfonamides

Nøytral sulfonilamid dårlig vannløselig. Urine pH ca 6: Crystallization neutral form, kidney damage Modern sulfa drugs pKa 5 – 7; better solubility Sulfametoxazol Bactrim®, Trimetoprim-Sulfa ® - Urine infections Combi. with trimethoprime

Trimetoprim Inhib. of folate reductase

Quinolones Inhib DNA-synthesis; DNA-gyrase (prokaryoter) uwounding DNA before replic.. DNA-topoisomerase (humans), anticancer compds. ex. doxorubicin Unique mecanism, no cross resistance Broad spectrum: G+ and G- ; also mycobactria, clamydia

Ciprofloksacin Ciprox®, Ciprofloxacin® Cilox® Ofloksacin Tarivid® (±)

Oxazolidones Linesolid Zyvoxid® Reg. Norge 2002, 1. antibact. drug with new mechaanism of action in 35 years Inhib. protein synthesis early No cross resist.. G+ and some G-. Resistant strains New drugs?

Other antibiotics

Antibiotics Penicillines  -Lactam-antibiotics

G- G+

Semi synthesis Stability

Nat. occuring P. Semisynthetic, increased acid stability Piperacillin Tazocin® Amoxicillin Amoxicillin®, Pivampicillin Pondocillin®, Ampicillin Pentrexyl®,

Kloksacillin Ekvacillin® Dikloksacillin Diclocil® Meticillin Acid labile, last resort drug resist. strains

Semisynthetic, Broad spectrum, Imines Meticillinam Selexid® Pivmeticillinam Selexid® No nucleophilic cabronyl

 - Lactamase Inhibitors Combination with penicillines Clavulanic acid Tazobaktam Mechanism based irreversible enzyme inactivators Suicide substrate - kcat inhibitors - Trojan horse inhib. - latent alkylating agent ≈ Pro-drug, must be activated by the enzyme

Carbapenems / Carbapenins Meropenem Meronem® 2. Gen. Not cleaved by DHP-1 Imipenem + cilastan Tienam®

Cephalosporins

1. generation:Relatively broad spectrum (G+, some G-) Cleaved by  -Lactamase Cephalexin Cefalex® Keflex® Cefalotin Cefalotin® Keflin® 2. generation:More broad spectrum Not cleaved by  -Lactamase Cefoxitin Mefoxitin® Cefuroxim Cefuroxim® Zinacef®

3. generation:Very broad spectrum, also Pseudomonas sp Not cleaved by  -Lactamase Acid labile Cefotaxim Cefotaxime® Claforan® Ceftazidim Fortum® Ceftriaxon Rohephalin® Oral 3. gen (not in N): R: -H, -CH=CH 2, -CH 2 OCH 3

Monobactams Aztreonam Azactam®

Aminoglycosides Bind to mRNA read wrong Transloc. blocked

Lincomycines

Tetrasyclines Chelate

Stability; acid / base

Makrolides

Polypeptides

Others

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