1 st Semester Midterm

1. Write scientific method down in order and describe each step. (pages ) 1.-Problem (question) something you want to investigate 2.-Hypothesis (testable explanation) 3.-Experiment (testing) Using qualitative observations (using your 5 senses) and more importantly quantitative (more precise using measurements-NUMBERS) 4.-record (data) 5.-conclusion (did it prove or disprove hypoth. summary) Use our observations (using 5 senses data and make logical inferences (using previous information from observations) 6.-repeat

2. How many variables can be tested in each experiment? (notes) 1 and only 1

3. Define hypothesis: (page 1062) A testable possible answer to a scientific question

4.What are some avoidable and unavoidable errors in experiments? (page 13) avoidable-calculating, having a large enough sample for representation, bias, not including a control group & plotting/graphing errors unavoidable-nature & genetic, and species variations

5.Define: (page ) --dependent variable - --independent variable- The 1 thing that is different in an experiment --Control group - Best to have a group that stays the same (not tested upon) What changes in the experiment because of the independent variable Variable group is the experimental group dependent variable is the results Size of both groups of Plants after experiment Fertilizer is the independent variable Control group= Untested- the “norm”

6. Define theory: (page 13) Well-tested explanation from a broad range of experiments/observ.

7. What is the order of the metric prefixes? hint: King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk (notes) k-h -dk -units-d -c -m Prefix is added onto the unit (m-meters/length, g- mass/weight & l-volume of liquid K K

8. Where do you measure liquid in a graduated cylinder? (notes) At the meniscus-which is the lowest part of the liquid's curve

9. Who are the scientists and what are their main contributions in disproving spontaneous generation?(pages 9-12) Redi- Needham- Disproved with 2 jars of meat. (1 covered and 1 uncovered) covered did not have maggots Proved using gravy-with and without covering. Both had created microorganisms. There was a FLAW in experiment

9 Cont. Spallanzani- Pastuer- Disproved by redoing Needham but fixed flaw by boiling gravy enough to kill ALL microorganisms Was known for CONCLUSIVELY disproving spontaneous generation! By using his curved-necked flask!

10. How do you set up a data table? (notes) -use observations (things seen & measured) not inferences (how you interpret the observation) -use quantitative data (numbers) & qualitative (descriptive words) use 3/4 (75%) of paper -independent variable in 1st column -dependent variables in the rest of the columns

11. What are some basic points to plotting a graph? (notes) Using best scale to fit put points Draw a straight line that passes through the area with most points to show a TREND! DO NOT CONNECT THE DOTS!

12. List the microscope parts and function. (page 1070) Stage- clip- diaphragm- eyepiece & obj. lenses- holds slide holds slide on stage decides amount of light total magnification

Cont. coarse adjustment knob- fine adjustment knob- base- nose- makes large adjustments focuses for best resolution holds microscope holds obj. lenses

13.Who are the scientists and their main contributions to establishing the Cell Theory? (pages ) Hooke- Anton van Leeuwenhoek- named "cells" tiny living oranisms in pond water

13. cont. Schleiden- Schwann- Rudolph Virchow- plant cells animal cells Cell theory

14.What are the three components of the Cell Theory? (p. 170). -New cells are produced from existing cells -Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things - All living things are made from cells

15.What are the characteristics of living things? (p ) -universal genetic code -are made of cells -maintain homeostasis -evolve over time

15. cont. -grow & develop -reproduce -respond to environment -obtain & use material & energy

16.Know the types of chemical bonds. (page 38 & 41) ionic- hydrogen- covalent- giving and taking electrons water sharing electrons

17. Make a Venn diagram of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells (pages ) 1. No nucleus DNA DNA in bound nucleus 2. very small Cell membrane much larger 3. few organelles Cytoplasm Many organelles 4. Bacteria cells plant & animal Prokaryote Both Eukaryote