Chapter Two The Constitution

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 2 QUIZ Reading CH 2 1. Name four problems with the A of C. 2. Explain Shay’s Rebellion and why it was important. 3. What state did not send delegates to the Constitutional Convention ? 4. Briefly describe the delegates who attended. 5. Describe the Virginia Plan.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 3 6. Describe the New Jersey plan. 7. What were the names of the two opposing forces in the ratification debate.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 4 SHAY’S REBELLION, 1786 Were 3x as many prisoners for debt than other crimes in Concord, MA In Worchester Country it was 20x Most prisoners were small farmers. Daniel Shay, a former rev captain led farmers to seize courthouses and stop trials for debt-foreclosures. Neither National Guard nor state of MA able to raise a militia to put down rebellion

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 5 SIGNIFICANCE- –Showed government (state or national) could not protect its citizens adequately from armed rebellion OR provide for the public welfare of its citizens

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 6 Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Could not levy taxes or regulate commerce Sovereignty, independence retained by states One vote in Congress for each state Nine of thirteen votes in Congress required for any measure Delegates to Congress picked, paid for by state legislatures

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 7 Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Little money coined by Congress Army small and dependent on independent state militias Territorial disputes between states led to open hostilities No national judicial system All thirteen states’ consent necessary for any amendments

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 8 Gather to discuss changes Distinguished gathering in 1787 All but RI send representatives 55 men attend Ben Franklin oldest Washington elected leader

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 9 Early decisions Washington chosen president Chooses committee to set rules No formal records kept James Madison’s journal main source of info Decide to discard Articles of Confed

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 10 Compromises Va plan NJ Plan Connecticut Compromise

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 11

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 12 Virginia Plan Larger States Virginia Plan (James Madison) Three branches of government. Executive - carry out laws Legislative - two houses - based on population Judicial Appealed to larger states

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 13 New Jersey Plan Smaller States William Paterson Three branches of government Legislature - one house Each state would have one vote Equal power to large and small states

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 14 Constitutional Compromise Roger Sherman - Connecticut proposed - House of Representatives –based on population Senate –equal representation Great Compromise

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 15 3/5s Compromise Over slavery and representation Three-fifths Compromise every five slaves would count as three free persons

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 16 Southern States Population - largely African slaves wanted this segment to count toward representation

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 17 The Constitution and Slavery House of Representatives Apportionment: 3/5 Compromise Congress could not prohibit slave trade before 1808 Fugitive Slave Clause

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 18 Trade Compromise Foreign trade and trade between states regulated Could not tax exports Could not interfere w/slave trade till 1808

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 19

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 20 Electoral College compromise Over electing the president Congress or people chose president Electoral College - state legislatures choose members of electoral college to choose president

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 21

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 22 Federalists John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison FEDERALISM – power is divided between national and state governments, with a strong central government Federalists want a strong central govt

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 23 Federalist Papers 10 and 51 Coalitions were more likely to be moderate because they would represent a diversity of interests Governments should be somewhat distant from the passions of the people No bill of rights was necessary

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 24 ANTI-FEDERALISTS WANTED MORE POWER GIVEN TO THE STATES Feared a strong national government would take away individual rights Demanded a bill of rights

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 25 The Antifederalist View Liberty could be secure only in small republics Nation needed, at best, a loose confederation of states with most of the power wielded by the state legislatures If there was a strong national government, there should be many more restrictions on it

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 26

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 27 Ratification Needed 9 of 13 state conventions to become law NH became 9 th state on June 21, 1788

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 28 Map 2.2: Ratification of the Federal Constitution by State Conventions,

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 29 CONSTITUTION 3 main parts Preamble 7 Articles Amendments

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 30 Checks & Balances in Government

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 31 Key Principles of Government Founders did not intent to create a direct democracy Popular rule only in House of Representatives Separation of Powers: between branches Federalism: power divided between national and state governments

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 32 Suggestions for Constitutional Reform Reduce separation of powers to enhance national leadership Make the system less democratic Questions to consider –How well has it worked in history? –How well has it worked in comparison with other democratic nations?

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.2 | 33 Three Categories of Powers Enumerated powers : given to national government exclusively; include power to print money, declare war, make treaties, conduct foreign affairs Reserved powers : given to states exclusively; include power to issue licenses and to regulate commerce wholly within a state Concurrent powers : shared by both national and state governments; include collecting taxes, building roads, borrowing money, having courts