Muslim Empire began to decline and divided into independent kingdoms Battles for control of the kingdoms until around 1260 CE Then a new Muslim empire emerged called the Ottoman Empire

“Big” Question How did European partitioning in the Middle East after the breakup of the Ottoman Empire lead to regional conflict? LQ for Today What was the Ottoman Empire?

Red Sea OTTOMAN EMPIRE OTTOMAN EMPIRE OTTOMAN EMPIRE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Balkans Caucasus Mts Hungary Safavid Empire Egypt Adriatic Sea Belgrade Constantinople Athens Rome Algiers Tunis Tripoli Cairo Damascus Jerusalem Baghdad Medina Mecca NORTH AFRICA ARABIA ASIA MINOR EUROPE Vienna Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Caspian Sea Persian Gulf Syria * * * * * *

Ottoman origins Turks from central Asia moved west Took over lands controlled by byzantine and Persian empires Converted to Islam as contact grew with Muslims 1 st leader Osman I Extended into Balkans

Ottoman Army Soldiers called janissaries Captured from Christian families Forced to convert to Islam and trained in arts of warfare Captured city of Constantinople which ended the Byzantine empire

Important Leaders & Accomplishments Mehmed II – changed Constantinople to Istanbul Converted Hagia Sophia (church) to mosque Captured Syria, Jerusalem, Egypt, Algiers, Mecca and Medina

Suleiman I – extended empire to Southern Mediterranean Sea Eastern Europe - Belgrade Further into Balkans Southern Russia North Africa Tried to capture Vienna – unsuccessful Arts, science, math, medicine, libraries, schools

Government & Society Run by Sultan Upper-class families kept women separate into harems Millets – non-Muslim communites (could elect own representatives – Non-Muslims – pay tax to follow own faith/customs – Limits on where they could live, clothing, and jobs

Ottoman & WWI By start of WWI – TOE was weakening Leaders could not keep large empire together Ethnic groups wanted self-rule (not to be ruled by Sultan far away) European powers grew stronger TOE joined war w/Germany and Italy = LOST

End of the Empire New boundaries were determined by European powers No concern for ethnic groups/religious groups already there Nationalism – pride/love for country – Countries are more successful when people there share common culture, history, background

Ottoman Empire Under Suleiman Military expansion Built mosques, monuments Roads, bridges, schools Encouraged the arts and sciences Great literary works Advanced study of mathematics Spread Islam Surgery, medical advancements