Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy Growth of Industrial Prosperity

The Second Industrial Revolution Bessemer Process – Henry Bessemer – Production of steel – Cheaper and more efficient process Electricity – Thomas Edison’s electrical lights – Joseph Swan’s light bulb – Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone – Guglielmo Marconi’s radio waves

The Second Industrial Revolution Internal combustion engine – Automobiles – The Wright Brothers’ airplane Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 1903 Led to airlines beginning in 1919 Assembly line (Henry Ford) – Manufactured goods more efficiently – Instead of the people moving, the product moved down a conveyor belt – Led to mass production (benefits?)

Organizing the Working Classes Karl Marx – Communist Manifesto (1848) Industrial Revolution led to poor factory conditions Capitalism was the problem behind it Claimed all of world history is “history of class struggles” Battle between: – Bourgeoisie (Middle Class Oppressors) » Owned and ran everything – Proletariat (Working Class Oppressed) » Controlled and owned nothing – Eventually this will lead to revolution and destruction of classes

Organizing the Working Classes Socialism – Parties formed based on Marxist ideas – German Social Democratic Party Wanted revolution to become one political party Competition for election into parliament Would allow for laws regarding working conditions to be passed – However people were divided over how these parties should be run Some wanted true Marxists ideas and revolution Others wanted more peaceful methods (revisionists)

Chapter 24: Mass Society and Democracy Modern ideas and Uncertainty

Modernism Rebellion against traditional style of art and literature Literature – Addressed social problems Women in society Alcoholism Urban slums – Symbolist writers True reality was the human mind Everything seen is just symbols of the mind

Modernism Painting – Impressionism Went to the outdoors for inspiration (Nature) Claude Monet – Postimpressionism Art as a spiritual experience Vincent van Gogh (Starry Nights) – Cubism Geometric designs in art Pablo Picasso – Abstract Line and color only (Speaks to the soul) Wassily Kandinsky

Claude Monet- Japanese Bridge

Van Gogh- Starry Nights

Picasso- Houses on the Hill

Pablo Picasso- The Old Guitarist

Wassily Kandinsky-

Modernism Architecture – Functionalism Buildings should be functional not ornate Simplify buildings Louis H. Sullivan Music – Igor Stravinsky The Rite of Spring (1913) – Bold rhythms and expressive sound

Uncertainty in Science Marie Curie – French Scientist – Discovered element radium Gave off energy known as radiation Found within an atom Albert Einstein – Theory of Relativity Space and time not absolute but relative to who is looking at it Matter is another form of energy Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalysis Allows therapist to go deep into a person’s mind and unlock memories Helped to unlock repressed memories to help heal

Extreme Nationalism Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer Social progress came from the idea “survival of the fittest” Strong survive and weak die Social progress stresses helping the weak/poor Nations were in a “struggle for existence” – Nations compete for resources – Used to justify racism and discrimination

Extreme Nationalism Anti-Semitism – Hostility towards Jewish people Dreyfus Affair – French military officer accused of selling secrets – Evidence showed otherwise Russia – Pogroms » Organized massacres of the Jewish people » 25,000 emigrated from Russia Zionism – Movement to create homeland for Jews in Palestine